2022-03-24
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – F - finalize & conclude
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com:
ออกเสียงfinalize = “FAHYN-l-ahyz”
ออกเสียง conclude = “Kuhn-KLOOD”
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions:
finalize
In the sense of “to complete,”
“to conclude,”
“to make final,”
finalize has been used so often that it is now accepted
by most dictionaries asa standard word.
Some careful speakers avoid the word
because of its associations with bureaucracy and big business:
“Let’s finalize (or conclude) this meeting by summing up our objectives.”
Common Errors in English Usage Dictionary:
“Finalize” is very popular among bureaucrats,
but many people hate it.
Avoid it unless you know that everyone in your environment uses it too.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Usage of Finalize
Finalize has been frequently castigated as an unnecessary neologism
or as U.S. government gobbledygook.
It appears to have first gained currency in Australia
(where it has been acceptable all along) in the early 1920s.
The U.S. Navy picked it up in the late 20s,
and from there it came into widespread use.
It is a standard formation (see -ize).
Currently, it is most frequently used in government
and business dealings;
it usually is not found in belles-lettres.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Usage Notes
The Last Word on 'Finalize'
All good pet peeves must come to an end
One of the immutable truths of life is that every language changes,
so long as it is a living language still being spoken and used.
A second truth is that as long as a language changes
there will be people who complain about this change.
And a third truth is that the complaints made about a language
also drift and change, in a manner similar to its semantics.
There are some complaints that have shown remarkable longevity,
such as those about ending a sentence with a preposition,
or splitting infinitives.
It's been fine to do either for hundreds of years now,
despite the warnings that have persisted against them the entire time.
The shelf life of most usage quibbles is considerably shorter than this,
and may typically be measured in decades rather than centuries.
For instance,
we no longer get as exercised about the word finalize as we once did.
These days all the cool kids
(by ‘cool kids’ we mean ‘do we have to explain this to you again?’)
are all complaining about literally,
but in the middle of the 20th century
finalize was the bête noire of the cognoscenti.
It had several strikes against it:
words ending in -ize were often looked at with suspicion,
it was assumed (wrongly) by many that
the word came from the world of business,
and it had recently been popularized by politicians
(particularly President Eisenhower).
Why had the editors of Merriam-Webster’s
Third New International Dictionary (published in 1961)
decided to include finalize when august publications
such as The New York Times disapproved of its use?
Because dictionaries include words based on usage,
Some might accuse us of being petty for waiting 57 years
to respond to the jab in The New York Times
about us defining finalize
by pointing out that this newspaper used the word
(or, even worse, the noun form finalization)
every year for the 14 years before this definition had been published.
They would be correct; it is indeed petty.
It is also thorough,
and if there are any two words that define lexicographers
they are “petty” and “thorough”
(and not, as is commonly supposed, “garrulous” and “affable”).
The blame for introducing finalize into our language
has shifted a few times.
Eisenhower is often credited with popularizing it,
although no one thought he invented the word.
Some thought it came from the poorly-lettered realm of U.S. finance
in the beginning of the 20th century.
Others pointed out that it was in use in Australia and New Zealand in the 19th century.
We will likely never know who used the word for the first time,
but we do now know that it came into use well before any of these groups
or people above used it, with evidence dating to the late 18th century.
There may well still be some people
for whom finalized causes discomfort;
linguistic peeves fade away over time,
and not all at once.
But the word has, for the most part, become thoroughly accepted
into our language, and you may use it without fear
that it is unduly colloquial or informal.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Word History
Finalize
“Iron is galvanized, rubber vulcanized, corn hybridized, salt iodized, people hypnotized.
But we agonized when President Kennedy utilized
and Merriam-Webster dictionary authorized the word finalized.”
— The New York Herald Tribune, 26 Dec. 1961
About the Word:
More than one of our presidents have felt the sting of public opprobrium
for employing the dreaded word finalize in their speeches.
At a press conference in November of 1961, President Kennedy
responded to a reporter’s query by saying
“We have not finalized any plans.” A measure of outrage ensued.
Before Kennedy committed this ostensibly grievous blunder,
President Eisenhower had caught flak for the same word.
The New York Times, in a 1961 article about Kennedy’s usage,
quoted an unnamed ‘grieving linguist’
as saying “Eisenhower began the process, and Kennedy is finalizing it.”
A number of people had been guarding the English language
against the intrusions of the word finalize for decades at this point,
usually on the grounds that it was commonly used as business jargon.
This position conveniently overlooks that
the word had been in use since at least 1780.
Collins English Dictionary:
finaliˈzation, ˌfinaliˈsation n
Usage:
Although finalize has been in widespread use for some time,
many speakers and writers still prefer
to use complete, conclude, or make final,
esp in formal contexts
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language:
fi′nal·i·za′tion (-lĭ-zā′shən) n.
fi′nal·iz′er n.
Usage Note:
Decades ago, finalize was widely considered objectionable
because of its association with bureaucratic jargon.
In a survey conducted in the late 1960s, 90 percent of the
Usage Panel found the example
finalize plans for a class reunion to be unacceptable;
by 1988, the disapproval rate for a similar sentence had dropped
to 71 percent.
By 1997, only 28 percent objected to the sentence
We will send you more information once we finalize plans for the reunion,
and the disapproval rate was a mere 15 percent in 2014.
Perhaps resistance to finalize has eroded
because there is no exact synonym among potential substitutes
(complete, conclude, make final, put into final form).
Whatever the reason,
today the use of finalize is rarely controversial.
See Usage Note at prioritize.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Choose the Right Synonym for conclude
Close, End, Conclude, Finish, Complete, Terminate
mean to bring or come to a stopping point or limit.
Close usually implies that something has been in some way open as well as unfinished.
close a debate
End conveys a strong sense of finality.
ended his life
Conclude may imply a formal closing (as of a meeting).
the service concluded with a blessing
Finish may stress completion of a final step in a process.
after it is painted, the house will be finished
Complete implies the removal of all deficiencies or a successful finishing
of what has been undertaken.
the resolving of this last issue completes the agreement
Terminate implies the setting of a limit in time or space.
your employment terminates after three months
Infer, Deduce, Conclude, Judge, Gather
mean to arrive at a mental conclusion.
Infer implies arriving at a conclusion by reasoning from evidence;
if the evidence is slight, the term comes close to surmise.
from that remark,
I inferred that they knew each other
Deduce often adds to Infer the special implication of drawing a particular
inference from a generalization.
denied we could deduce anything important from human mortality
Conclude implies arriving at a necessary inference at the end of a chain
of reasoning.
concluded that only the accused could be guilty
Judge stresses a weighing of the evidence on which a conclusion is based.
judge people by their actions
Gather suggests an intuitive forming of a conclusion from implications.
gathered their desire to be alone without a word
