2022-03-08
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – E - evidence & proof & testimony & evidently
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com:
ออกเสียง evidence = “EV-i-duhns”
ออกเสียง proof = “PROOF”
ออกเสียง testimony = “TES-tuh-moh-nee” or British “TES-tuh-muh-nee”
ออกเสียง evidently = “EV-i-duhnt-lee” or Emphasis = “ev-i-DENT-lee”
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions:
evidence & proof & testimony
These words are occasionally used as synonyms,
but they do have distinct meanings.
Evidence is information given in an investigation to support a contention:
“At the trial, the witness presented evidence to convict the accused.”
Proof is that kind of evidence which is so weighty as to remove any possible doubt:
“His signed confession isproof of his guilt.”
Testimony is the statement of a witness, usually given under oath:
“The jury listened attentively to the testimony.”
Evidence and testimony are often confused,
but testimony should be used to refer only to statements
andevidence to any ground for belief that is spoken, written,
or presented in any other forms.
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions:
Evidently
This word, meaning “obviously” or “apparently,”
is frequently mispronounced.
It has only four syllables,
pronounced “EV-uh-duhnt-lee” or “EV-i-duhnt-lee”
The ending of the word is not pronounced “TAL-li” or “TUH-lee”
Common Errors in English Usage Dictionary:
evidence to
You can provide evidence to a court,
even enough evidence to convict someone;
but the standard expression “is evidence of”
requires “of" rather than “to” in sentences like this:
“Driving through the front entrance of the Burger King
is evidence of Todd’s inexperience in driving.”
If you could substitute “evidences” or “evidenced” in your sentence,
you need “of."
Dictionary.com:
SYNONYM STUDY FOR EVIDENCE
Evidence, Exhibit, Testimony, Proof
refer to information furnished in a legal investigation
to support a contention.
Evidence is any information so given, whether furnished
by witnesses or derived from documents or from any other source:
Hearsay evidence is not admitted in a trial.
An exhibit in law is a document or article that is presented in court as evidence:
The signed contract is Exhibit A.
Testimony is usually evidence given by witnesses under oath:
The jury listened carefully to the testimony.
Proof is evidence that is so complete and convincing
as to put a conclusion beyond reasonable doubt:
proof of the innocence of the accused.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Choose the Right Synonym for evidence
Verb
Show, Manifest, Evidence, Evince, Demonstrate
mean to reveal outwardly or make apparent.
Show is the general term but sometimes implies that what is revealed must be gained by inference from acts, looks, or words.
careful not to show his true feelings
Manifest implies a plainer, more immediate revelation.
manifested musical ability at an early age
Evidence suggests serving as proof of the actuality or existence of something.
a commitment evidenced by years of loyal service
Evince implies a showing by outward marks or signs.
evinced not the slightest fear
Demonstrate implies showing by action or by display of feeling.
demonstrated their approval by loud applause
Collins COBUID English Dictionary:
evidence
Evidence is anything that you see, hear, or read
that causes you to believe that something is true
or has really happened.
We saw evidence everywhere that a real effort was being made to
promote tourism.
There was no evidence of problems between them.
Evidence is an uncountable noun.
Don't talk about 'evidences' or 'an evidence'.
However, you can talk about a piece of evidence.
The finding is the latest piece of evidence that vaccines can help prevent cancer.
It was one of the strongest pieces of evidence in the Crown's case.
Dictionary.com:
HISTORICAL USAGE OF PROOF
Proof entered English in the 12th century as Middle English
prove, prooff, prof, proufe, with the
meaning “evidence sufficient to establish a thing as true.”
It finds its roots in Late Latin proba, meaning "a test."
An example of proof meaning “test” is in the English proverb
“All the proof of a pudding is in the eating,” first recorded in English
in 1605.
The proverb is popularly but wrongly attributed to Miguel Cervantes.
In the second part of Cervantes’ Don Quixote (published in 1615),
Cervantes wrote “Por la muestra se conoce el paño,” literally,
“From the sample you know the cloth,”
which was translated into English as
“The proof of a pudding is in the eating” by Peter Anthony Motteux,
a French-born English playwright and translator,
in his English translation (third edition 1712).
We know this today as the saying “The proof is in the pudding.”
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Word History
Proof in the expressions developed from
an alteration of Middle English prove,
which itself is from Anglo-French preove,
meaning "evidence," based on an Old French word meaning "test."
Both meanings are shared by its Latin ancestor probare,
which is also the root of English probation.
In Middle English, proof had meanings relating to both
the presenting of evidence that demonstrates a truth
and the establishment of fact or truth through testing.
Today,
the "test" connotation of proof is extant in the measurements
of how much alcohol is in a liquor (e.g., "80 proof whiskey")
and is evident in words relating to tests of strength,
such as fireproof, bulletproof, foolproof,
as well as quality—for instance, proofread.
The saying "the proof of the pudding is in the eating"
is first recorded in English in the early 17th century,
but it is likely much older.
Phrases for the notion that to taste something is to test it
go back to, at least, the 14th century.
But back then,
no one was talking about the kind of sweet, creamy "pudding"
confections we now get mostly from boxed mixes
or pull-top snack containers.
Puddings were gutsy (literally)!
They were essentially sausages
—usually mixtures of minced meat, cereal, spices,
and often blood, stuffed into intestines or stomachs,
and boiled or steamed.
In the Middle Ages, they could be very good or very bad
—or possibly fatal if the meat used was contaminated.
But to find out, you had to put it to the "proof."
Such medieval puddings were held in high esteem.
The eminent 18th-century literary figure Samuel Johnson
saw fit to commend his friend, the poet and translator Elizabeth Carter,
thus: "[she] could make a pudding as well as translate Epictetus from Greek...."
Add to that the concealed nature of pudding ingredients
—whether in a blood pudding (aka, blood sausage)
or one of the traditional sweet puddings full of dried fruit and nuts
and enclosed in a dumpling crust
—and the logic behind the original expression
becomes far less mysterious.
Examples of the expressions
are found in works by such notables
as Jonathan Swift, Alexander Hamilton, and Joseph Addison,
and they still remain popular today.
Although the modern truncations don't make literal sense,
they all are tasty.
The proof of the pudding is in trying them out in your everyday convos.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Words of the week Nov. 8, 1019
'Testimony'
Testimony (“a solemn declaration
usually made orally by a witness under oath
in response to interrogation by a lawyer or authorized public official“)
was on the minds of many this week,
as a number of current and former members of the Trump administration and state department provided testimony
(or, in some cases, declined to do so)
before the House committee conducting its impeachment inquiry.
The word comes from the Latin testis,
meaning “witness”;
testimony shares its etymology with a number of other English words, including contest and detest,
both of which come in part from testari (“to call to witness”).
