2022-03-02
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – E - enviable & envious & envy & jealousy
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com:
ออกเสียง enviable = “EN-vee-uh-buhl”
ออกเสียง envious = “EN-vee-uhs”
ออกเสียง envy = “EN-vee”
ออกเสียง jealous = “JEL-uhs”
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions:
envy & covet & desire
Both envy and covet suggest resentment of another’s fortune or condition and a desire to have that condition or situation for oneself.
Desireis a weaker word than either envy or covet,
since it expresses “wishing” or “longing for”
without necessarily implying spite, malice, or resentment
of another’s possessions.
Envyis broadest in meaning of the three terms
because it combines desire and ill will.
“Because he will never be well, he will always envy persons in good health.”
“This is a prize which everyone in the club should covet.”
“He desires a good reputation more than fame or money.”
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions:
enviable & envious
Enviable, meaning “desirable,”
is a milder (less strong) word than envious,
which has the same basic meaning
but suggests strong discontent and resentment.
Enviablemay even be used as an expression of praise:
“His solid strength of character is enviable.”
Envious never implies praise,
since it involvesboth resentment and desire:
“Because Bill was envious of his supervisor’s position, he tried hard to undercut him.”
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions:
envy & jealousy
These words are often used interchangeably,
although jealousyis much more common.
They do have distinct meaning.
Envy suggests a discontented,
unhappy longing for what someone else has;
Jealousy implies suspicion, fear, and uneasiness.
”Her youthful beauty was the envy of everyone in the room.”
“His attitude toward his favored rival in the race changed from sympathy to dislike to outright jealousy.”
That is, if one’s attitude toward the possessions or attainments of others
is mildly desirous, use envy;
if resentment and spite are involved, use jealousy.
Dictionary.com:
SYNONYM STUDY FOR ENVY
Envy, Begrudge, Covet
refer to one's attitude toward the possessions or attainments of others.
To envy is to feel resentful and unhappy
because someone else possesses, or has achieved,
what one wishes oneself to possess, or to have achieved:
to envy the wealthy, a woman's beauty, an honest man's reputation.
To begrudge is to be unwilling that another
should have the possessions, honors, or credit that person deserves:
to begrudge a man a reward for heroism.
To covet is to long jealously to possess what someone else possesses:
I covet your silverware.
Dictionary.com:
WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED WITH ENVY
Envy and jealousy are very close in meaning.
Envy denotes a longing to possess
something awarded to or achieved by another:
to feel envy when a friend inherits a fortune.
Jealousy, on the other hand, denotes a feeling of resentment
that anotherhas gained something that one more rightfully deserves:
to feel jealousy when a coworker receives a promotion.
Jealousy also refers to anguish caused by fear of unfaithfulness.
Dictionary.com:
HISTORICAL USAGE OF ENVY
English envy comes from Middle English envie, invie, anvie,
which has several meanings:
one of the seven deadly sins (its directly opposite virtue is charity);
ill will, hatred, enmity, hostility;
and (more modern and middle-class) the annoyance
and ill willtoward others that is prompted by their superior advantages.
This unsavory feeling was introduced into English
by the French via Old French envie, which
means “hostility, hatred, jealousy of another’s advantages,”
the same as in Middle English.
The French may be envious that Latin invidia
not only has all the senses of Old French and Middle English envie,
but also an extended, personified sense
(Invidia was the Roman goddess of envy).
Latin invidia is a derivative of the verb invidēre
“to look askance at, regard with ill will,
be jealous of, cast the evil eye on.”
Invidēre is a compound of the preposition
and prefix in, in- “in, into, at” and the simple verb vidēre “to see.”
Common Errors in English Usage Dictionary:
Envious & jealous
Although these are often treated as synonyms,
there is a difference.
You are envious of what others have that you lack.
Jealousy, on the other hand,
involves wanting to hold on to what you do have.
You can be jealous of your boyfriend’s attraction to other women,
but you’re envious of your boyfriend’s CD collection.
Dictionary.com:
MORE ABOUT ENVY
What does envy mean?
Envy is a mostly negative feeling of desire
for somethingthat someone else has and you do not.
Envy is not a good feeling
—it can be described as a mix of admiration and discontent.
But it’s not necessarily malicious.
Envy is very similar in meaning to jealousy.
However, jealousy usually implies a deeper resentment,
perhaps because you feel that you deserve the thing
more than the other person, or that it is unfair that they have it.
Envy is also a verb meaning to have feelings of envy toward someone.
It is always followed by the person or thing that’s envied,
as in I must admit that I envy her talent.
As a noun, it can also be used to refer to the object of envy,
as in She was the envy of the entire office after getting the promotion.
Someone who envies another person can be described as envious,
as in I was envious of him and his popularity.
Someone who’s very envious is said to be green with envy.
Things that produce envy in others can be described as enviable,
as in It’s an enviable position, with a lot of perks.
Example:
Other people’s perfectly curated social media feeds often cause us to feel envy, but we need to keep in mind that they don’t show the whole story of what someone’s life is like—only the highlights.
Where does envy come from?
The first records of the word envy come from the 1200s.
It comes from the Latin invidia, a derivative of the Latin verb invidēre, meaning “to envy” or, more poetically, “to eye maliciously.”
Being full of envy often involves eyeing up
other people’s qualities or possessions,
especially when they are better or more plentiful than the ones you have.
Envy is one of the so-called seven deadly sins
and has long been consideredone of the vices
that can lead people to do bad things.
Still, most people are thought to experience envy at one time or another.
Envy can lead to bitterness, but it doesn’t have to.
You can be envious of your friend’s success and still be happy for them.
When you stop being happy for them and start to resent them for it,
that’s jealousy.
Dictionary.com:
MORE ABOUT ENVIABLE
What does enviable mean?
Enviable means very desirable.
It’s especially used to describe things
that a person has and that other people want
—or a person that other people want to be like.
In other words, enviable means worthy of or likely to cause envy
—a feeling of desire for something
that someone else has and you do not.
Envy is also a verb meaning
to have feelings of envy toward someone,
and enviable is formed from this verb.
Envy is not a good feeling
—it can be described as a mix of admiration and discontent.
Enviable is often used to describe things
that are so good that other people will naturally want them
(and might even get a little envious or jealous).
The opposite of enviable is unenviable,
which is typically used to describe tasks or positions that no one wants,
as in
He was given the unenviable task of making sure everyone paid on time.
Example:
It’s an enviable position, with a lot of perks, so naturally we have many applicants.
Where does enviable come from?
The first records of the word enviable come from around 1600.
Its base word, envy, comes from the Latin invidia,
a derivative of the Latin verb invidēre,
meaning “to envy” or, more poetically, “to eye maliciously.”
Something that’s enviable,
such as a person’s qualities or possessions,
is something that others are eyeing,
especially when they are better or more plentiful.
Success is enviable.
Wealth is enviable.
Good hair is enviable.
Having something or being in a position that’s enviable
means that other people will want what you have.
Dictionary.com:
MORE ABOUT ENVIOUS
What does envious mean?
Envious means feeling, full of, or expressing envy
—a mostly negative feeling of desire for something
that someone else has and you do not.
Envy is not a good feeling
—it can be described as a mix of admiration and discontent.
But it’s not necessarily malicious.
Envious is very similar in meaning to jealous.
However, jealous usually implies a deeper resentment,
perhaps because you feel that you deserve the thing more than the other person, or that it is unfair that they have it.
Envious is often followed by the word of
and the person or thing that’s the object of envy,
as in I must admit that I’m envious of her talent.
Example:
Other people’s perfectly curated social media feeds often cause us to feel envious, but we need to keep in mind that they don’t show the whole story of what someone’s life is like—only the highlights.
Dictionary.com:
MORE ABOUT JEALOUS
What does jealous mean?
To be jealous is to feel resentment, bitterness, or hostility
toward someone because they have something that you don’t.
This feeling or the state of feeling this way is called jealousy.
Jealous can describe someone who is feeling or is prone to jealousy.
It can also be used to describe such a person’s thoughts or actions.
Feeling jealous usually occurs
as a result of someone owning something you want but can’t have
or having achieved some kind of success that you want to achieve
but have not been able to.
This sense of jealous is very similar in meaning to envious.
The word envy refers to a mostly negative feeling of desire
for something that someone else has and you do not
—like a mix of admiration and discontent.
However, while envy is not necessarily malicious,
jealousy usually implies a deeper resentment,
perhaps because you feel that
you deserve the thing more than the other person,
or that it is unfair that they have it and you don’t.
Jealous is also used in the context of romantic relationships
to describe someone who feels hostility, uneasiness, or distress
relating to the fear that their romantic partner will be unfaithful.
This often involves opposition to others
giving one’s partner positive attention.
Being jealous in this way is considered very unhealthy in a relationship.
The word is often used applied to partners who act this way,
as in jealous husband or jealous girlfriend.
Sometimes, jealous can mean vigilant
in maintainingor guarding something.
This sense of the word is often used in adverb form,
as in The dragon jealously guarded the treasure.
Example:
If your friends feel jealous of you because of your success, they may not be your friends.
Collins COBUID English Dictionary:
1. 'envious'
If you are envious,
you wish you had something
such as a possession, quality, or ability that someone else has.
We see them doing things we are not allowed to do, and are envious.
You say that you are envious of a person
or envious of something that they have.
...a girl who is deeply env
ious of her brother.
They may be envious of your success.
2. 'enviable'
You use enviable to describe a possession, quality, or ability
that someone has, and that you wish you had yourself.
They have enviable reputations as athletes.
She learned to speak foreign languages with enviable fluency.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Usage Notes
Jealous vs. Envious
The words are often used as synonyms,
but 'jealous' has more meanings
What to Know
While many people believe that
jealous means fearing someone will take what you have,
and envious means desiring what someone else has,
historical usage shows that both mean "covetous"
and are interchangeable
when describingdesiring someone else's possessions.
However, when referring to romantic feelings,
only "jealous" can be used to mean "possessively suspicious,"
as in "a jealous husband."
Is there a difference between jealous and envious?
That depends on who you ask.
Some people have a view in this matter
that is similar to that expressed by the noted lexicographic scholar, Homer Simpson:
“I’m not jealous! I’m envious.
Jealousy is when you worry someone will take what you have
... envy is wanting what someone else has.”
Others, however, do not make this distinction,
or differentiate between these two words in another fashion.
Let’s look at some of the ways that jealous and envious overlap.
Word Origins
Both words are fairly old,
having been in regular use in English since the 13th century,
and both words have accrued a number of shades of meaning over the years.
The fact that each of these words has numerous meanings
makes it somewhat impractical to say
“jealous means X, and envious means Y.”
But this matter of impracticality
has proven to be little deterrent to many people
who have insisted that each one of these words
does indeed have a single true sense.
Here are some of the comments offered on these two words,
taken from usage guides published since the middle of the 20th century:
One begins to see what a muddle questions of usage may be
when one contemplates the fact
that all three of the above books are making pronouncements
on the words jealousy (and jealous) and envy,
all of which are in some way true,
and all of which are also in some substantial way
different from one another.
There are indeedsome semantic distinctions
that may be made between these words,
but it should also be noted that
many educated people use them interchangeably.
Envy is most often used to refer to a covetous feeling
toward another person’s attributes, possessions, or stature in life.
Many people use jealous to mean the same thing.
“I am envious of his good fortune” could be changed to
“I am jealous of his good fortune”
without substantially changing the meaning of the sentence for most people.
So, jealous can be used for this sense of envious.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Jealousy vs. Envy
Depending on who you ask,
jealousy and envy are either exact synonyms,
totally different words, or near-synonyms
with some degree of semantic overlap and some differences.
It is difficult to make the case,
based on the evidence of usage that we have,
for either of the first two possibilities.
Both jealousy and envy are often used to indicate
that a person is covetous of something that someone else has,
but jealousy carries the particular sense of “zealous vigilance”
and tends to be applied more exclusively to feelings of protectiveness
regarding one’s own advantages or attachments.
In the domain of romance, it is more commonly found than envy.
If you were to say “your salt-shaker collection fills me with jealousy,”
most people would take it to mean much the same thing
as “your salt-shaker collection fills me with envy.”
But if someone made a flirtatious comment to your partner,
you would likely say that it caused you jealousy, not envy.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Jealousy and Romance
Jealous is also often encountered adjectivally
to refer tosome unwelcome feelings in a romantic vein,
typically in which one harbors suspicion of infidelity
or the possibility that one’s love will be stolen away.
An important distinction here is that envious
will not serve as a substitute for this use of jealous.
“He was always a jealous husband” cannot be changed to
“He was always an envious husband”
without substantially changing the meaning of the sentence.
So while jealous may be used to mean
both “covetous” and “possessively suspicious”,
envious is only comfortable in the first of those two senses.
Which of course raises the following question:
given that jealous has more meanings than envious,
does the word envious feel envious or jealous (or both)
of its synonym’s greater semantic breadth?
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Zealous vs. Jealous
Zealous and jealous share not just a rhyme, but an etymology.
Both words ultimately come from the Latin zelus “jealousy,”
and in the past their meanings
were somewhat closer to each other than they are today.
In the 16th and 17th centuries,
zealous occasionally was used in biblical writing
to refer to a quality of apprehensiveness or jealousy of another.
By the 18th century, however,
it had completely diverged in meaning from jealous,
signifying
“warmly engaged or ardent on behalf of someone or something.”
Today, zealous often carries a connotation of excessive feeling:
it typically means “fiercely partisan” or “uncompromisingly enthusiastic.”
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language:
jeal′ous·ly adv.
jeal′ous·ness n.
Usage Note:
Traditional usage holds that
we are jealous when we fear losing something that is important to us
and envious when we desire that which someone else has.
In this view,
one might experience jealousy
upon seeing one's spouse flirt with another
(because of the fear of losing the spouse),
while one might experience envy
upon seeing a friend with an attractive date
(because of one's desire to have an attractive date of one's own).
In common usage, this distinction is not always observed,
and jealousy and jealous are often used in situations that involve envy.
Our 2015 survey shows that the distinction is alive and well:
large majorities of the Usage Panel
approved the traditional uses of jealousy
(She was jealous when she saw her husband
having dinner with another woman)
and envy
(He was envious of the expensive sports car his neighbor bought),
while only a minority accepted the switched uses:
29 percent accepted envious for the suspicious dinner,
and 34 percent accepted jealous for the expensive sports car.
The last figure does mean, though, that a third of the Panelists
accept jealous meaning "envious,"
and an even larger minority (43 percent) accept it
when the entity being coveted is a person rather than an object,
as in Never having been popular myself, I'm jealous of your many friends.
It is evident from these results that many careful writers
prefer to see the distinction between the two words maintained,
with jealous being reserved for situations
where one fears losing something
and envious used for situations
where one wants what one does not have.