2022-02-03
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set –D - democrat & democratic
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com:
ออกเสียง democrat = “DEM-uh-krat”
ออกเสียง democratic = “dem-uh-KRAT-ik”
Common Errors in English Usage Dictionary
democrat & democratic
Certain Republican members of Congress
have played the childish game in recent years
of referring to the opposition as the “Democrat Party,”
hoping to imply that Democrats are not truly democratic.
They succeed only in making themselves sound ignorant,
and so will you if you imitate them.
The name is “Democratic Party.”
Dictionary.com:
MORE ABOUT DEMOCRATIC
What does democratic mean?
The adjective democratic is used to describe
something that operates under or resembles democracy,
a form of government in which the citizens hold the power.
Usually, the word democratic is used to describe political systems, governments, or countriesthat use such systems.
It can also be used
to describe voting systems, philosophies, or strategies
that rely on a majority vote or that allow everyone to give their opinion.
When capitalized, Democratic is used in the name of the Democratic Party,
one of the major political parties in the United States,
along with the Republican Party.
Example:
The United States of America practices a democratic form of government where citizens vote on issues and elect politicians by majority vote.
Where does democratic come from?
Democratic forms of government have been around for centuries,
but the first records of the word democratic come from around 1600.
It is believed to come from
either the French démocratique or the Medieval Latin dēmocraticus.
Both of these words come from the Greek dēmokratikós,
which is an adjective form of dēmokratía, meaning “democracy.”
The -ic ending means “havingcharacteristics of”
and is used to make adjectives.
In modern times, the word democratic is most often
used to describe a political system
that in some way resembles a form of government
in which the people hold the political power (at least in theory).
Today, most governments or countries
considered democratic have citizens elect representatives
who make decisions on their behalf
(this is called a representative democracy).
In general usage, democratic is used to describe things
that involve a majority vote or require an entire group
to debate and decide on a course of action.
For example,
if your family votes on what to eat for dinner,
you are taking a democratic approachto choosing what to eat.
Democratic systems are often
contrasted with monarchies and dictatorships,
where one person holds all the power
and often actively prevents the people they rule
from participating in government at all.
Dictionary.com:
Democrats And Republicans:
Why Are They Donkeys And Elephants?
Published September 21, 2020
While the bald eagle is a national symbol for the United States,
the two major political parties that govern it
are often represented by two different animals:
a donkey for the Democratic Party
and an elephant for the Republican Party.
These animals are commonly linked with these two parties
in everything from political analysis to bumper stickers.
Why these two animals, though?
Why not an ostrich and an alpaca, or some other unlikely combo?
Incredibly, the popularization of both the donkey and the elephant
being associated with the parties can be traced back to one person:
cartoonist Thomas Nast.
Was the donkey originally a jackass?
Thomas Nast was an American cartoonist who joined
the staff of Harper’s Weekly in 1862.
Nast’s cartoons were very popular and his depiction of Santa Claus
is still the most widely used version of the holiday icon we see today.
During his career, Nast also drew many political cartoons
that harshly criticized the policies of both parties.
Nast first used a donkey to represent the Democratic party as a whole
in the 1870 cartoon “A Live Jack-Ass Kicking a Lion”
in which Nast criticized the dominantly Democratic Southern newspaper industry as the “Copperhead Press.”
While he did popularize the donkey,
Nast wasn’t the first person to use it in reference to the Democrats.
Over 40 years earlier during the presidential campaign of 1828,
opponents of Democrat Andrew Jackson referred to him as a “jackass.”
Jackson actually embraced the insult
and used donkeys on several campaign posters.
Nevertheless, cartoonist Anthony Imbert would use
a Jackson-headed donkey to mock Jackson an 1833 political cartoon.
However, the donkey never really caught on
after the end of Jackson’s presidency,
and Thomas Nast apparently had no knowledge
that it ever was used to represent the Democrats.
What does the elephant symbolize?
As for the elephant,
Nast first used the behemoth to represent the Republicans
in the 1874 cartoon “The Third Term Panic.”
The cartoon depicts the Republican Party as a lumbering elephant
about to walk off a cliff.
As for why Nast chose an elephant,
a common theory is that it is based on an old phrase of
“seeing the elephant”
which pro-Unionist Republicans used to mean that
they had seen battle during the Civil War.
Nast himself was a proud Republican and diehard-Unionist
so it is entirely plausible he was aware of this phrase at the time.
Thomas Nast worked at Harper’s Weekly until 1886.
It is an understatement to say that
Nast’s cartoons were extraordinarily popular.
President Abraham Lincoln referred to Nast as his “best recruiting sergeant” and President Ulysses S. Grant, one of the highest-ranking Union generals, said that Nast had done as “much as any one man
to preserve the Union and bring the war to an end.”
With praise like that (albeit from fellow Republicans),
it isn’t hard to figure out why his symbolic animals
would catch on with the public and other cartoonists as early as 1896.
By 1926, Republicans were already embracing the elephant as an unofficial animal.
By 1928, some Democrats were also acknowledging the donkey as their unofficial animal as well.
In 1932, both animals were used as symbols of the parties on an official campaign poster for Republican incumbent Herbert Hoover.
Today, the Republican Party uses the elephant as an official logo
and you will find it all over their web site
and on plenty of official Republican merchandise.
While the Democrats have never officially embraced the donkey
as a symbol, the animal is used to represent the party by the media
and is placed on a plethora of unofficial Democratic party merchandise.
How do we use mascots in political communication?
The Republican Party featured elephant logos
at their 2020 Republican National Convention:
GOD BLESS THE USA! pic.twitter.com/353UXMHgKM
— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) August 24, 2020
Democrats and Democratic candidates
have often embraced the donkey as their unofficial mascot:
The animals began in political cartoons
and still appear in many of them today.
CNN featured both animals in animated political cartoon ads
that depicted them as friends:
Some conservative Republicans criticize liberal Republicans
as being RINOs (Republicans in Name Only)
and often have (rhi)no sympathy for these “left-leaning” politicians.
In recent years, some members of the Libertarian Party
have unofficially embraced the porcupine
as the unofficial animal mascot of the party.
Will these mascots eventually catch on like the donkey and the elephant? It’s hard to tell!
The stories of the donkey and the elephant certainly have their own surprising twists and turns, and would have been hard to predict.
Dictionary.com:
“Democrat” vs. “Republican”:
Where Did The Parties Get Their Names?
Published August 13, 2020
In the United States,
the words Democrat and Republican are widely used to mean
the two major American political parties:
the Democratic Party and the Republican Party.
We often hear these words used to describe things the parties do
or the people connected to them.
For example,
former Vice President Joe Biden is the Democratic candidate for president, and members of the Republican Party are often simply called Republicans.
The English words democratic and republican actually have long,
complex histories that go far beyond red and blue states
or donkeys and elephants.
Let’s take a closer look at where these two words came from
and how they came to be used in the names of the two political parties.
What does democratic mean?
Starting alphabetically,
the word democratic means
“pertaining to or of the nature of democracy or a democracy.”
Simply put,
the lowercase democratic is a word used to refer to anything
that resembles or has to do with a democracy, a form of government
in which the supreme power rests with the people
and is exercised by them directly or by politicians
that they elect to represent them.
In practice, this is usually accomplished through a fair,
organized system of voting,
in which citizens or representatives cast votes
in support of political candidates (in elections)
or societal issues (in referendums).
So, the word democratic is used to describe government systems
that are or resemble democracies and the people
that run these types of governments.
The United States of America is a representative democracy
in which the people elect representatives
(mayors, governors, members of Congress, etc.)
to perform the demands of politics on their behalf.
This is why we say that the US is a democratic country
or that we have a democratic form of government.
The English word democratic dates all the way back to the late 1500
and early 1600s.
It is derived from the Greek word dēmokratía (“popular government”).
The government system of the ancient Greek city-state of Athens,
in which the people (dêmos) held the power (krátos),
is considered the world’s first democracy.
Considering that Athens was a patriarchal slave-owning society,
its form of democracy was much different than the democratic governments of today.
What does republican mean?
The word republican means “of, relating to, or of the nature of a republic.” Similarly to the word democratic, the word republican also describes things that resemble or involve a particular form of government,
in this case the government in question is a republic.
A republic is a government system in which power rests with voting citizens who directly or indirectly choose representatives
to exercise political power on their behalf.
You may have noticed that a republic sounds a lot like a democracy.
As it happens, most of the present-day democracies
(including the United States) are also republics.
However, not every republic is democratic
and not every democratic country is a republic.
For example,
the historical city-state of Venice had a leader known as a doge
who was elected by voters.
In the case of Venice, though,
the voters were a small council of wealthy traders,
and the doge held his position for life.
Venice and other similar mercantile city-states had republican governments,
but as you can see, they were definitely not democratic.
At the same time,
the United Kingdom is a democratic country that has a monarch,
Queen Elizabeth II, and so it is not a republican country
because it is not officially a republic.
The earliest records of the English word republican
go back to the late 1600s.
It comes, via French, from the Latin rēs pūblica, constructed from rēs
(“thing or entity”) and pūblica (“public”).
For a time, ancient Rome had a republican government
with elected magistrates before the establishment of the Roman Empire.
While they helped create the term we now use,
the actual first republican government is believed to have been in India.
When did the parties gain their names?
While the two major political parties we know today
have been around awhile,
the names of the major two political parties have changed over the centuries.
George Washington won the elections of 1788–89 and 1792
and served two terms as US president.
The presidential election of 1796 pitted John Adams, of the Federalist Party, against Thomas Jefferson.
Interestingly, the political party of Thomas Jefferson is actually the original source of the names of both modern political parties.
Here’s what happened:
in 1792, Jefferson’s supporters formed a political party
that they named the Republican Party to emphasize his desire
for a decentralized, republican national government.
In response, the opposing Federalist Party,
whose members supported a strong federal government,
mocked Jefferson’s party as the “Democratic–Republican Party”
in reference to the “democratic” radicals of the French Revolution.
After losing the election of 1796,
Jefferson’s party would officially
take the name of the Democratic–Republican Party.
The Democratic–Republican Party would eventually break apart
into factions in 1825,
resulting in two new parties that would ultimately run against each other:
the National Republicans of John Quincy Adams
and the followers of Andrew Jackson, whom he referred to as “Democrats.”
These Democrats would officially take the name the Democratic Party
in 1844, although the modern Democratic Party officially
uses the Democratic National Convention of 1848 as its creation date.
Not long after, a new political party united by opponents of slavery would be formed in 1854 and would officially name itself the Republican Party
as an allusion to Jefferson’s party of the same name.
In the 1870s, politicians and the press would refer to the Republican Party as the “grand old party” or the “gallant old party,”
to highlight their role in defending the Union during the Civil War.
The initialism GOP that is still used today is credited to newspaperman
T.B. Dowden, who used it in 1884
when he was running out of room in an article.
One last thing to keep in mind is that
while the two American political parties
use the words democratic and republican in their names,
capitalized forms of these words have been used in political parties
in other countries that have completely different beliefs and platforms.
For example,
the Republican Party of France and the various Christian Democratic Parties around the world are completely unrelated to the American political parties.
