2022-02-01
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – D – dashes
แนะนำการใช้ ตามที่ส่วนใหญ่ใช้ แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com:
ออกเสียง dash = “DASH”
The A-Z of Correct English Common Errors in English Dictionary:
Dashes are used widely in informal notes and letters.
(i) A dash can be used to attach an afterthought:
I should love to come – that’s if I can get the time off.
(ii) A dash can replace a colon before a list in informal writing:
The thieves took everything – video, television, cassettes, computer,
camera, the lot
(iii) A dash can precede a summary: Video, television, cassettes,
computer, camera – the thieves took the lot.
(iv) A pair of dashes can be used like a pair of commas or a pair of
brackets around a parenthesis:
Geraldine is – as you know – very shy with strangers.
(v) A dash can mark a pause before the climax is reached:
There he was at the foot of the stairs – dead.
(vi) Dashes can indicate hesitation in speech: I – er – don’t – um – know
what – what to say.
(vii) Dashes can indicate missing letters or even missing words where
propriety or discretion require it:
c – – – l (ship of the desert) Susan L—- comes from Exeter.
He swore softly, ‘–it’.
Dictionary.com:
MORE ABOUT DASH
What is a basic definition of dash?
Dash is a verb that means
to strike violently,
to run quickly over a short distance, or
to frustrate or ruin.
Dash is also used as a noun
to mean a small amount of something added to a mixture.
Dash has many other senses as a verb and a noun.
Usually, we say that something was dashed against something else.
For example,
if you dash a glass jar against the ground,
you throw or bash it violently against the ground.
In this sense, dash often implies
that something was destroyed or was smashed into many pieces.
Real-life examples:
You might want to dash your phone against your desk when it isn’t working right.
You can dash water on your face to help wake you up in the morning.
Used in a sentence:
I dashed the clock against the wall and it broke into a dozen pieces.
Dash can also mean to run very quickly over a short distance.
Real-life examples:
Holiday shoppers dash to the store to buy gifts before the shelves are empty.
Horses dash to the finish line when trying to win a race. You might dash to the bus stop so you don’t miss the bus.
Used in a sentence:
I dashed toward the table to stop my cat from falling to the floor.
Dash is used in this same sense as a noun
to mean a short burst of movement.
It is a synonym of the word sprint.
Used in a sentence:
I made a wild dash to the stove to grab the last slice of pizza.
Dash can also mean to frustrate or ruin.
Used in a sentence:
My dreams of being a soccer player were dashed when I found out I had asthma.
As a noun,
dash means a small amount of something that is used as an ingredient.
This sense of dash is synonym of the words hint or pinch.
Real-life examples:
A recipe may ask for a dash of cinnamon.
You might put a dash of sprinkles on your ice cream cone.
A person may add a dash of chlorine to a swimming pool to kill algae.
Used in a sentence: I threw a dash of pepper into the soup.
Where does dash come from?
The first records of dash come from the later 1200s.
It comes from the Middle English verb dashen,
meaning “to strike violently (with a weapon).”
Dictionary of Collective Nouns and Group Terms:
Dash
= a small quantity thrown in or mingled with a larger mass or amount.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Usage Notes
A Guide to Em Dashes, En Dashes, and Hyphens
Be dashing—and do it well
Among punctuation marks, dashes have a certain panache.
They take the reader aside,
and then draw that reader to the next bit
like a good dance partner in the lead.
There are various punctuation items that can be described as dashes,
and we will get to them all, but we’ll begin with the most useful,
and most used. It looks like
— or sometimes (as when one’s word processing program fails to convert it) –
- and it’s called the “common dash,” or “em dash.”
The two names are well-earned;
this dash is the most common true dash,
and it’s the approximate width of a capital M.
The Em Dash: An Introduction
The em dash can function like a comma, a colon, or parenthesis.
Like commas and parentheses, em dashes set off extra information,
such as examples,
explanatory or descriptive phrases, or supplemental facts.
Like a colon, an em dash introduces a clause that explains or expands upon something that precedes it.
The em dash is sometimes
considered a less formal equivalent of the colon and parenthesis,
but in truth it’s used in all kinds of writing, including the most formal
—the choice of which mark to use is really a matter of personal preference.
Spacing around an em dash varies.
Most newspapers insert a space before and after the dash,
and many popular magazines do the same,
but most books and journals omit spacing, closing whatever comes before and after the em dash right up next to it.
This website prefers the latter, its style requiring the closely held em dash in running text.
The Em Dash in Action: A New Direction
- An em dash can mark an abrupt change or break in the structure of a sentence.
- An em dash can indicate interrupted speech or a speaker’s confusion or hesitation.
The Em Dash in Action: Attention Must Be Paid
- Em dashes are used in place of commas or parentheses to emphasize or draw attention to parenthetical or amplifying material.
In this particular task, em dashes occupy a kind of middle ground among the three:
when commas do the job, the material is most closely related to what’s around it,
and when parentheses do the job, the material is most distantly related to what’s around it;
when dashes do the job the material is somewhere in the middle.
- Dashes set off or introduce defining phrases and lists.
- An em dash is often used in place of a colon or semicolon
to link clauses, especially when the clause that follows
the dash explains, summarizes, or expands
upon the preceding clause in a somewhat dramatic way.
- An em dash or pair of dashes often sets off illustrative or amplifying material introduced by such phrases
as for example,
namely, and that is, when the break in continuity is greater than that shown by a comma,
or when the dash would clarify the sentence structure better than a comma.
- An em dash may introduce a summary statement that follows a series of words or phrases.
- A dash often precedes the name of an author or source at the end of a quoted passage
—such as an epigraph, extract, or book or film blurb
—that is not part of the main text.
The attribution may appear immediately after the quotation or on the next line.
The Em Dash in the Company of Other Punctuation Marks
- If an em dash appears at a point where a comma could also appear, the comma is omitted.
- When a pair of em dashes sets off material ending with an exclamation point or a question mark, the mark is placed inside the dashes.
- Dashes are used inside parentheses, and vice versa,
to indicate parenthetical material within parenthetical material.
The second dash is omitted if it would immediately precede the closing parenthesis; a closing parenthesis is never omitted.
The Other Dashes (Not Nearly So Dashing But Still Useful)
- Remembering that the em dash is the length of a capital M,
it will surprise no one that the so-called “en dash”
is the approximate length of a capital N, –.
The en dash is the least loved of all;
it’s not easily rendered by the average keyboard user
(one has to select it as a special character,
whereas the em dash can be conjured with two hyphens),
so it’s mostly encountered in typeset material.
(A hyphen does its job in other text.)
It is most often used between numbers, dates, or other notations to signify “(up) to and including.”
Note that one does not need words like from and between in these cases. The phrase “open 6:00 a.m.–6:00 p.m.”
can be read as “open between 6:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m.”
or as “open from 6:00 a.m. to/until 6:00 p.m.”
The thinking is that using a hyphen here,
as in “the post-Cold War era,” risks the suggestion
that post attaches only to Cold.
It’s unlikely, though, that a reader would truly be confused.
The en dash replaces the word to between capitalized names,
and is used to indicate linkages
such as boundaries, treaties, and oppositions.
A two-em dash, ——,
is used to indicate missing letters in a word and,
less frequently, to indicate a missing word.
A three-em dash, ———,
indicates that a word has been left out
or that an unknown word or figure is to be supplied.
A Hyphen Can Be Considered to Be a Kind of Dash
While we said above that the em dash, also called the “common dash,”
is the most common of the true dashes, hyphens
show up more frequently in text.
They have a variety of uses.
- Hyphens are used to link elements in compound words.
- In some words, a hyphen separates a prefix, suffix, or medial element from the rest of the word.
- As we noted above, a hyphen often does the job of an en dash between numbers and dates, providing the meaning "(up) to and including."
- A hyphen marks an end-of-line division of a word.
- A hyphen divides letters or syllables to give the effect of stuttering, sobbing, or halting speech.
Hyphens indicate a word spelled out letter by letter.