2022-01-22 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – C - common & mutual & ordinary
2022-01-22
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – C - common & mutual & ordinary
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Dictionary.com:
ออกเสียง common = “KOM-uhn”
ออกเสียง mutual = “MYOO-choo-uhl”
ออกเสียง ordinary = “AWR-dn-er-ee”
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions:
common & mutual
These words are loosely interchangeable,
but they do have distinct meanings.
Common refers to something shared by two or more persons
(our common heritage).
Mutual refers to something done or felt
by each of the two persons toward the other:
“Jack and Bill share a mutual dislike.”
Many good speakers and writers, however,
do not preserve this distinction.
Dictionary.com:
ORIGIN OF MUTUAL
First recorded in 1470–80; from Middle French mutuel, from Latin mūtu(us) “mutual, reciprocal” (equivalent to mūt(āre) “to change”; see mutate) + -uus adjective suffix) + Middle French -el (from Latin -ālis ) -al1
Dictionary.com:
SYNONYM STUDY FOR MUTUAL
Mutual, reciprocal agree in the idea of an exchange or balance
between two or more persons or groups.
Mutual indicates an exchange of a feeling, obligation, etc.,
between two or more people,
or an interchange of some kind between persons or things:
mutual esteem; in mutual agreement.
Reciprocal indicates a relation in which one act, thing, feeling, etc., balances or is given in return for another:
reciprocal promises or favors.
Dictionary.com:
HISTORICAL USAGE OF MUTUAL
The earliest (15th century) and still a current
meaning of mutual is “reciprocal,”
specifying the relation of two or more persons or things to each other:
Their admiration is mutual.
Teachers and students sometimes suffer from a mutual misunderstanding.
Mutual soon developed the sense of “having in common, shared”:
Their mutual objective is peace.
This latter sense has been in use since the 16th century
and is entirely standard.
It is occasionally criticized, not on the grounds of ambiguity
but on the grounds that the later sense development
is somehow wrong.
Mutual in the sense of “shared”may have been encouraged by
the title of Charles Dickens's novel Our Mutual Friend (1864–65),
but Dickens was not the innovator.
The fact that common also has the sense “ordinary, unexceptional”
and “coarse, vulgar”
may have contributed to the use of mutual instead of common
in designating a shared friend.
Collins English Dictionary:
mutuality, ˈmutualness noun
ˈmutually adv
Usage:
The use of mutual to mean common to
or shared by two or more parties
was formerly considered incorrect,
but is now acceptable.
Tautologous use of mutual should be avoided:
cooperation (not mutual cooperation) between the two countries
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary
mu`tu•al′i•ty (-ˈæl ɪ ti) noun
mu′tu•al•ly, adv.
usage:
The earliest (15th century) meaning of mutual is “reciprocal”:
Teachers and students sometimes suffer from mutual misunderstanding.
By the 16th century mutual had developed the additional sense
“held in common, shared”:
Their mutual objective is peace
This use is occasionally criticized,
on the grounds that
the later sense development was somehow wrong.
Dictionary.com:
ORIGIN OF COMMON
First recorded in 1250–1300; Middle English comun, from Anglo-French, Old French, from Latin commūnis “common,”
presumably originally “sharing common duties,”
akin to mūnia “duties of an office,” mūnus “task, duty, gift,” from an unattested base moin-, cognate with mean2; cf. com-, immune
Dictionary.com:
SYNONYM STUDY FOR COMMON
Common, vulgar, ordinary
refer, often with derogatory connotations of cheapness or inferiority,
to what isusual or most often experienced.
Common applies to what is accustomed, usually experienced,
or inferior, to the opposite of what is exclusive or aristocratic:
The park is used by the common people.
Vulgar properly means belonging to the people,
or characteristic of common people;
it connotes low taste, coarseness, or ill breeding:
the vulgar view of things;
vulgar in manners and speech.
Ordinary refers to what is to be expected
in the usual order of things;
it means average or below average:
That is a high price for something of such ordinary quality.
Dictionary.com:
MORE ABOUT ORDINARY
What does ordinary mean?
Ordinary means usual, normal, or of no special quality.
Sometimes, the word is used in a negative way
to mean somewhat inferior, below average, or just plain
—in much the same way as the word mediocre.
Describing something as ordinary usually means that
it’s very basic or commonplace
—there’s nothing special or unusual about it.
An ordinary day is one in which nothing unexpected happens.
You could describe a person as ordinary
to mean that they’re normal,
as in People treat me like a celebrity, but I’m just an ordinary guy.
But using ordinary to describe a person can also be an insult,
as in I don’t know what you see in him—he’s so ordinary.
Ordinary can also be used as a noun (especially in the ordinary)
referring to the common or usual state or condition.
This is how the word is used in the phrase out of the ordinary,
which means unusual, uncommon, or exceptional.
Example:
He was so ordinary it was almost suspicious—no one’s that normal!
Where does ordinary come from?
The first records of the word ordinary come from the 1200s.
It comes from the Latin ordinārius,
meaning “regular” or “of the usual order.”
Ordinary things are regular—they exist in the usual order of things.
The adverb form ordinarily
means “usually” or “in an ordinary manner.”
Describing something as extraordinary
doesn’t mean it’s “extra ordinary” or “extra normal”
but instead means it’s “beyond ordinary”
—it’s unusual, exceptional, or out of the ordinary.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Choose the Right Synonym for common
Adjective
Common, Ordinary, Plain, Familiar, Popular, Vulgar
mean generally met with and not in any way special, strange, or unusual.
Common implies usual everyday quality or frequency of occurrence
a common error
lacked common honesty
and may additionally suggest inferiority or coarseness.
common manners
Ordinary stresses conformance in quality or kind with the regular order of things.
an ordinary pleasant summer day
a very ordinary sort of man
Plain is likely to suggest homely simplicity.
plain hard-working people
Familiar stresses the fact of being generally known and easily recognized.
a familiar melody
Popular applies to what is accepted by or prevalent among people in general sometimes in contrast to upper classes or special groups.
a writer of popular romances
Vulgar otherwise similar to Popular, is likely to carry derogatory connotations (as of inferiority or coarseness).
souvenirs designed to appeal to the vulgar taste
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Word History
Is It 'Ornery' Cuss or 'Ordinary' Cuss?
Their history isn't that difficult to deal with
Modern lexicographers tend to avoid
inserting their own character into definitions;
it's difficult enough to accurately define the messiness
that is the English language without having to worry about
whether one's own foibles or prejudices are muddying the semantic waters.
Samuel Johnson, famous for the occasional definitional bon mot
(he defined lexicographer as "a harmless drudge")
gets a pass, but he's not all that modern.
However, every so often we come across a definition
which, although it would probably not pass muster in today's dictionaries, makes this sort of editorializing seem reasonable.
As when Bret Harte defined ornery
as "Corruption of 'ordinary,' with a spice of contempt."
Harte was a poet and short story writer, not a lexicographer,
but near the end of the 19th century included
a "Glossary of Far-Western Terms" in one of his books.
Most of his definitions are rather straightforward and dry;
the 'spice of contempt' addition
is just the sort of short and poetic turn of phrase
that manages to convey more information
than heaps of technical jargon would.
It is a memorable definition, and all the better for being largely accurate.
The English-speaking people have been
shortening ordinary in one manner or another since at least the early 16th century.
It may be found rendered as ornary, ornarie, and in several other ways.
Throughout the 19th century
ornery is still occasionally found as a simple synonym for ordinary.
As the word became increasingly common
it took on a slightly more opprobrious cast,
less often being used to mean "commonplace,"
and more frequently meaning "irritable, cantankerous."
Ornery was also frequently used by writers
who wished to imbue a character's dialogue with a rustic quality.
The word has now moved quite far afield from its roots,
and bears little semantic resemblance to its ordinary origin.
We offer several definitions for the word,
including "having an irritable disposition,"
"difficult to deal with or control," and
"having or showing a playful tendency to cause trouble."
We make no mention of Harte's "spice of contempt,"
for, tempting though it might be,
allowing definers such artistic license can only lead to trouble.
Collins COBUILD English Usage:
common
If something is common, it is found in large numbers or it happens often.
His name was Hansen, a common name in Norway.
These days, it is common to see adults returning to study.
The comparative and superlative forms of common
are usually more common and most common.
Commonest is sometimes used instead of more common
in front of a noun.
Job sharing has become more common.
The disease is most common in adults over 40.
Stress is one of the commonest causes of insomnia.
Be Careful!
Don't use a that-clause after common.
Don't say, for example,
'It is quite common that motorists fall asleep while driving'.
You say 'It is quite common for motorists to fall asleep while driving'.
It is common for a child to become deaf after even a moderate ear infection.
Collins COBUILD English Usage:
mutuality, ˈmutualness n
ˈmutually adv
Usage:
The use of mutual to mean common to or shared by
two or more parties was formerly considered incorrect,
but is now acceptable.
Tautologous use of mutual should be avoided:
cooperation (not mutual cooperation) between the two countries.
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