2022-01-11
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – C -catch22
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Dictionary.com:
ออกเสียง catch-22 = KACH-twen-tee-TOO”
Dictionary.com:
MORE ABOUT CATCH 22
What does Catch-22 mean?
Coming from the novel of the same name,
a Catch-22 is a situation where
one is trapped by two contradictory conditions.
It’s more generally used to refer to a paradox or dilemma.
Example:
to get a certain job,
you need work experience.
But to get that work experience,
you need to have had a job. It’s a Catch-22.
Where does Catch-22 come from?
Catch 22 comes from Joseph Heller’s 1961 classic novel, Catch-22,
a satirical depiction of the American
military bureaucracyin World War II.
In it, Heller describes a military regulation, Catch-22,
putting a pilot named Orr in an impossible situation:
There was only one catch and that was Catch-22,
which specified that
a concern for one’s safety in the face of dangers
that were real and immediate was the process of a rational mind.
Orr was crazy and could be grounded.
All he had to do was ask; and as soon as he did,
he would no longer be crazy and would have to fly more missions. Orr would be crazy to fly more missions and sane if he didn’t,
but if he were sane he had to fly them.
If he flew them he was crazy and didn’t have to,
but if he didn’t want to he was sane and had to.
Yossarian was moved very deeply
by the absolute simplicity of this clause of Catch-22
and let out a respectful whistle.
The word catch, here,is a “hidden difficulty” or “snag,”
a sense dating back to the 1850s.
The novel’s first chapter was published under Catch-18 in 1955,
later changed to 22 to avoid confusion with
another contemporaneous novel with18 in its title.
The number 22 was chosen, apparently,
because it’s the double of 11 (playing duality and duplication)
Since its publication, the influential Catch-22 has
become part of the classics many of us read in school.
The novel was notably adapted into a 1970 film by Mike Nichols.
Since the 1970s, its central problem,
the Catch-22 (often spelled without ahyphen and lowercase C),
has become a common expression
for any kind of a self-contradictory situation or unsolvable dilemma.
THE NEW DICTIONARY OF CULTURAL LITERACY, THIRD EDITION
CULTURAL DEFINITIONS FOR CATCH-22
Catch-22
(1961) A war novel by the American author Joseph Heller.
“Catch-22” is a provision in army regulations;
it stipulates that
a soldier's request to be relieved from active duty
can be accepted only if he is mentally unfitto fight.
Any soldier, however, who has the sense to ask to be spared
the horrors of war is obviously mentally sound,
and therefore must stay to fight.
NOTES FOR CATCH-22
Figuratively, a “catch-22” is any absurd arrangement
that puts a person in a double bind:
for example, a person can't get a job without experience,
but can't get experience without a job.
THE AMERICAN HERITAGE® IDIOMS DICTIONARY:
OTHER IDIOMS AND PHRASES WITH CATCH-22
Catch-22
A no-win dilemma or paradox,
similar to damned if I do, damned if I don't.
For example,
You can't get a job without experience,
but you can't get experience unless you have a job
—it's Catch-22.
The term gained currency as the title of a 1961 war novel by Joseph Heller,
who referred to an Air Force rule
whereby a pilot continuing to fly combat missions
without asking for relief is regarded as insane,
but is considered sane enough to continue flying
if he does make such a request.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Did you know?
Catch-22 originated as the title of a 1961 novel by Joseph Heller.
(Heller had originally planned to title his novel Catch-18,
but the publication of Leon Uris's Mila 18
persuaded him to change the number.)
The novel's catch-22 was as follows:
a combat pilot was crazy by definition
(he would have to be crazy to fly combat missions)
and since army regulations
stipulated that insanity was justification for grounding,
a pilot could avoid flight duty by simply asking,
but if he asked, he was demonstrating his sanity
(anyone who wanted to get out of combat must be sane)
and had to keep flying.
Catch-22 soon entered the language
as the label for any irrational, circular, and impossible situation.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
The History of Catch-22
The original catch-22 was a governmental loophole
involved in Joseph Heller’s satirical novel Catch-22.
Heller’s novel follows the exploits of a bombardier in World War II,
and in doing so shines a light on
the relentless and circular bureaucracy of war and wartime governments.
The term is introduced to describe the apparent loophole, or catch,
that prevents a pilot from asking for a mental evaluation
to determine if he’s fit to fly:
There was only one catch and that was Catch-22,
which specified that
“a concern for one's own safety in the face of dangers
that were real and immediate was the process of a rational mind.”
Orr was crazy and could be grounded. All he had to do was ask;
and as soon as he did, he would no longer be crazy
and would have to fly more missions.
Orr would be crazy to fly more missions and sane if he didn't,
but if he was sane, he had to fly them.
If he flew them, he was crazy and didn't have to;
but if he didn't want to, he was sane and had to.
Yossarian was moved very deeply by the absolute simplicity
of this clause of Catch-22 and let out a respectful whistle.
Catch-22 appears several times in the novel,
always invoked to explain a contradiction or an inescapable paradox caused by the rule itself.
It was adopted into general English to refer to an illogical situation,
or a problem in which the solution is denied by the problem itself.
Common Errors in English Usage Dictionary:
Catch 22
People familiar with Joseph Heller’s novel are irritated
when they see “Catch-22” used to label any simple hitch
or problem rather thanthis sort of circular dilemma:
“you can’t get published until you have an agent,
and you can’t get an agent until you’ve been published.”
“There’s a catch” will do fine for most other situations.
