2022-01-11
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – C - cast & caste
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ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com:
ออกเสียง cast & caste = “KAST” or “KAHST”
Abused, Confused, & Misused Words by Mary Embree
Cast = a group of actors:
the cast for the play was chosen;
= mold or pattern;
= a tinge;
= to throw forcefully:
cast the first stone
Not to be confused with:
Caste = a class of society;
= a social status or system:
a caste society
Dictionary.com:
THE NEW DICTIONARY OF CULTURAL LITERACY, THIRD EDITION
NOTES FOR CASTE
Caste has come to mean a group of persons set apart
by economic, social, religious, legal, or political criteria,
such as occupation, status, religious denomination,
legal privilege, skin color, or some other physical characteristic.
Members of a caste tend to associateamong themselves
and rarely marry outside the caste.
Castes are more socially separate
from each other than are social classes.
NOTES FOR CASTE
During the height of segregation in the United States,
African-Americans were sometimes loosely referred to as a caste.
THE AMERICAN HERITAGE® SCIENCE DICTIONARY
SCIENTIFIC DEFINITIONS FOR CASTE
Caste
= A specialized group carrying out a specific function
within a colony of social insects.
For example, in an ant colony,
members of the caste of workers
forage for food outside the colony
or tend eggs and larvae,
while the members of the caste of soldiers,
often larger with stronger jaws,
are responsible for defense of the colony.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Choose the Right Synonym for cast
Verb
Discard, Cast, Shed, Slough, Scrap, Junk
mean to get rid of.
Discard implies the letting go or throwing away
of something that has become useless or
superfluous though often not intrinsically valueless.
discard old clothes
Cast especially when used with off, away, or out,
implies a forceful rejection or repudiation.
cast off her friends
Shed and Slough imply a throwing off of something
both useless and encumbering and
often suggest a consequent renewal of vitalityor luster.
shed a bad habit
finally sloughed off the depression
Scrap and Junk imply throwing away or breaking up
as worthless in existent form.
scrap all the old ways
would junk our educational system
Throw, Cast, Toss, Fling, Hurl, Pitch, Sling
mean to cause to move swiftly through space
by a propulsive movement or a propelling force.
Throw is general and interchangeable with the other terms
but may specifically imply a distinctive motion
with bent arm.
can throw a fastball and a curve
Cast usually implies lightness in the thing thrown
and sometimes a scattering.
cast it to the winds
Toss suggests a light or careless or aimless throwing
and may imply an upwardmotion.
tossed the coat on the bed
Fling stresses a violent throwing.
flung the ring back in his face
Hurl impliespower as in throwing a massive weight.
hurled himself at the intruder
Pitch suggests throwing carefully at a target.
pitch horseshoes
Sling stresseseither the use of whirling momentum in throwing
or directnessof aim.
slung the bag over his shoulder
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
History and Etymology for caste
borrowed from Portuguese casta "breed, lineage, family,
hereditary social class in India," of uncertain origin
NOTE: Portuguese casta has exact counterparts in Spanish
and Catalan casta, none of which are attested before the fifteenth century.
The word has traditionally been taken
as descending from a feminine noun derivative of Latin castus
"free from (the thing named), untainted by vice, pure" (see CHASTE),
though this etymology has been resisted by Joan Coromines,
who points out that the earliest uses do not imply purity
(see Diccionario crítico etymológico castellano e hispánico, s.v.).
The phrase hacer casta (hacer "to do, make")
means "to breed (animals)"
—likewise, the phrase para casta "for breeding."
The word would seem to refer to both the act of breeding
and the successionof things bred.
Coromines is surely correct in noting that Latin castus
has influenced the later semantic development of casta.
However, his hypothesis that an unattested Gothic word
cognate with Old Icelandic kǫs, kǫstr "heap, pile"
is the source of Iberian Romance casta is not convincing,
The senses of the English noun CAST entry 2
that he sees as most relevant,
such as "a set of characters or persons" or "characteristicquality,"
are all late developments from the verb meaning "to throw"
and can scarcely be traced back to proto-Germanic.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Trend Watch
Pence: 'We've Casted Our Vote'
People turned to the dictionary to see if Pence's
use of the verb 'cast' was correct. It wasn't.
Many people turned to their dictionaries
in the early afternoon of Election Day, November 8th, 2016,
after Mike Pence, the Republican vice-presidential candidate,
tweeted an unorthodox variant of the past sense of the verb
CAST.
We do not provide an entry for casted,
as the past tense and the past participle uses of cast
are typically uninflected in modern English.
Therefore, regardless of whether
your choice is in the future, present, or past tense,
you would refer to your vote as cast (or in some cases as casting).
This peculiarity of form was once thought to extend
to other words which are based on cast.
A number of usage guides in the 20th century held that
the past tense of broadcast should avoid adding an -ed;
we record both broadcast and broadcasted.
The A-Z of Correct English Common Errors in English Dictionary:
cast or caste?
Use CAST for a group of actors in a play
and for a plasterCAST
and a CAST in an eye.
Use CASTE when referring to a social group in Hindu society.
THE AMERICAN HERITAGE® STEDMAN'S MEDICAL DICTIONARY:
MEDICAL DEFINITIONS FOR CAST
An object formed by the solidification of molten liquid
poured into an impression or mold,
as in a dental cast of the maxillary or mandibular arch.
A rigid dressing, usually made of gauze and plaster of Paris,
used to immobilize aninjured, fractured, or dislocated body part,
as in a fracture or dislocation. plaster cast
A mass of fibrous material, coagulated protein, or exudate
that has taken the form of the cavity in which it has been molded,
such as the bronchial, renal, intestinal, or vaginal cavity,
and that is found histologically as well as in urine or sputum samples.
Collins COBUILD English Usage:
Cast
If you cast a glance in a particular direction,
you glance in that direction.
Carmody casts an uneasy glance at Howard.
Out came Napoleon, casting haughty glances from side to side.
Be Careful!
The verb cast has several other meanings.
Note that for all its meanings
its past tense and past participle is cast, not 'casted'.
He cast a quick glance at his friend.
He cast his mind back over the day.
He had cast doubt on our traditional beliefs.
Will had cast his vote for the President.
