2020-08-22
170314-1 คำชวนสับสน ในการใช้ ชุด C – Clean & cleanse & clean up
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ที่ถือว่า ถูกต้อง ในที่นี้ เป็นไป ตามมาตรฐาน ของภาษา
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ไม่กำหนดมาตฐาน ถือตามส่วนใหญ่ที่ใช้แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจยืดหยุ่น ขึ้นอยู่กับ ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง “clean” และ “cleanse”
ทั้งสองคำ ว่า “KLEEN” และ “KLENZ”
Collins English Dictionary
อธิบายว่า รูป อื่นของ “clean”
คือ “cleaner” และ “cleanest” “cleans” “cleaning” “cleaned”
ให้ข้อสังเกต
ว่า “clean” มีความหมายกว้างกว่า “cleanse”
โดย “clean” หมายถึง เป็นการ
“เอาสิ่งสกปรก/ปนเปื้อน ออก” ด้วยการ ล้าง/แปรงปัด
ขณะที่ “cleanse” เจาะจง กับการใช้ สารเคมี/ยาถ่าย และ
บ่อยครั้ง แสดนัยเชิงเปรียบเทียบว่า “ทำให้บริสุทธ์” เช่น
‘to cleanse one’s mind of evil thoughts.’
Cambridge Dictionary & Common Errors in English Usage Dict.
อธิบาย “cleanup” เป็น นาม เมื่อ สะกดเป็น คำเดียว
ใช้ใน US English หมายถึง
“การกระทำ/กระบวนการ” ขจัดสิ่งสกปรก/สิ่งอันตราย”
โดยเฉพาะ “เมื่อต้องทิ้งให้อยู่ใน ภาวะแวดล้อม เช่น หลังอุบัติเหตุ” เช่น
‘The cleanup after the oil spill cost over $10,000,000.’
เมื่อสะกดแยก เป็นสองคำ “clean-up”
เป็นการใช้ “clean” เป็น กริยา หมายถึง
“การจัดสิ่งของ”หรือ “สถานที่ให้ สะอาดเรียบร้อย” เช่น
‘It’s time you gave your bedroom a good clean-up’
‘Residents have called for a clean-up campaign to keep their streets free from rubbish.’
American Heritage Dictionary
อธิบาย ความหมาย นาม “cleanup” คือ
“A thorough cleaning หรือ ordering”
หรือ ใช้ไม่เป็นทางการ คือ “The final task,”
บ่อยครั้ง เป็น ‘routine tasks’ (หน้าที่ที่ทำประจำ) ที่ทำให้โครงการเสร็จสมบูรณ์
หรือ เมื่อเป็น Slang คือ “A very large profit.” หรือ “a killing” เช่น
‘The company made a real cleanup on their new invention.’
ใช้กับกีฬา เบสบอล “ตำแหน่งที่สี่ ในลำดับการตีของทีม”
ที่ปกติ สงวนไว้ให้คนตีผู้แข็งแรงที่สามารถ ‘drive in extra runs’ เช่น
‘Our best home-run hitter is batting cleanup.’
โดย Dictionary.com
ออกเสียงอ่าน “cleanup” ว่า “KLEEN-uhp”
และ ว่า มีต้นกำเนิด ระหว่าง 1865-1870
โดยเป็นคำที่ ใช้แบบ “Americanism”
ให้เป็น คำนาม ผันแปรจาก วลี กริยา “clean up” ตัวอย่างเช่น
‘They viewed the cleanup as being necessary, given their responsibility for the disaster.’
‘Unlike game day, there are no accidents or “puppy fouls” on the field today and cleanup.’
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
Is There a Difference Between ‘Clean’ and ‘Cleanse?’
Either gets the job done.
What to Know
Clean and cleanse both mean “to free something of dirt or impurities.”
Clean is used more generally to address everything from washing to tidying up.
Cleanse is used more specifically to address removing dirt or germs, especially via washing,
and is also used figuratively as seen in “cleanse the body/mind.”
Both clean and cleanse mean to make something free from dirt or impurities.
But while clean can be found in a range of general contexts,
cleanse usually gets applied in more specific instances.
Differences Between ‘Clean’ and ‘Cleanse’
You can use clean to mean simply “to make neat”
(made the kids clean their rooms) or
“to remove a stain or mess”
(used a sponge to clean up the spill).
Cleanse often suggests the act of removing dirt or impurities primarily through the effort of washing.
You might cleanse a surface with bleach, for example.
You also might go on a special diet to cleanse the body of toxins, the nutrients essentially washing them from the body.
Figurative Use of ‘Cleanse’
Cleanse often occurs in figurative contexts as well, with specific mention given of the thing being purged:
Her interactions with the community’s mediums and psychics include a ceremony to cleanse her home of a suspected ghost, a session of table talking in which the oak-legged furniture apparently dances around the room and an experiment in dowsing.
‘Clean’ and ‘Cleanse’ as Nouns
Similarly, both cleaner and cleanser can be used for a product or preparation that helps with cleaning.
Cleaner tends to be preferred when dealing with that which removes a stain from a surface (glass or window cleaner) or laundry agents.
On the other hand, the noun cleanser is more often used for a product like a scouring powder, which works to penetrate a surface (an abrasive cleanser). It’s also used for treatments that work on the skin (a facial cleanser).
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
‘Clean,’ ‘Sanitize,’ or ‘Disinfect’?
Keep it clean.
What to Know
Clean, sanitize, and disinfect are often used in overlapping contexts
but the general distinction is that
“to clean” refers to scrubbing with soap and water,
whereas “sanitizing” and “disinfecting” kill germs and bacteria via chemical means.
Typically, disinfectants kills more germs than sanitizers.
‘Sane’ (at the root of ‘sanitize’) originally referred to physical health.
There are some ideas for which English seems to provide nuance to the point of redundancy.
Think of our words for large, for example, including huge, giant, big, enormous, gigantic, gargantuan, ginormous, colossal, and massive.
It might be said that, though shades of meaning certainly exist among these terms,
it can often be hard to distinguish one synonym clearly from another.
Sometimes, though, such richness of vocabulary accompanies differences that are critical for medical or scientific reasons.
The Meaning of ‘Cleaning’
Take our words for clean, for example.
At its most basic, clean means “free from dirt or pollution,” and goes back to Old English as an adjective meaning “clear” or “pure.”
Its original verb form (“to make clean”) was cleanse,
with the synonymous verb to clean entering the language centuries later, in the 1400s.
The fact that we have both clean and cleanse as verbs may seem like an oddity (just one of countless oddities) in the development of English, except for the fact that fluent speakers consistently use them to mean different things:
we clean our rooms but we cleanse our souls.
Clean is much more frequently used, and is less specific than the more metaphorical and medical cleanse.
Technical Language and Latin: ‘Sanitize’
The distinction between
sanity meaning “soundness of mind” and
healthy, meaning “soundness of body”
was made during the 16th century.
It’s intriguing that even though the word
health comes straight from Old English
—it’s as old as the language itself
—the term healthy entered the language centuries later,
just as sanity was shifting its reference from the body to the mind.
The language had made a distinction that became ever more clear as the two words settled into use.
Sane similarly referred to physical health at first
(this corresponds to the modern French word sain/saine).
As late as 1828, Noah Webster gave as his first definition:
- Sound; not disordered or shattered; healthy; as a sane body.This use is rarely encountered today; to us, sane mean “able to think normally” or “rational or sensible.”
Last to enter the language were sanitary and sanitation,
which actually derived from the French word sanitaire and entered English in the mid-1800s, during the period when a causal relationship between clean surgical conditions and lower infection rates was being discovered.
This is the moment that also gave us sanitize, defined as “to make sanitary (as by cleaning or sterilizing).”
By the time these three words were introduced, enough time had passed that there was no direct connection with physical health
(sanitary was never a synonym of healthy as sane had been), because of the evolution of the related terms.
The Origin of ‘Sterilize’
Sterilize was first used in the 1600s as the opposite of fertilize:
it referred to land that could not be used to grow crops.
It was later applied to the incapacity to produce offspring
before coming to mean “to clean by destroying germs or bacteria”
shortly after sanitize was introduced.
An old word gained a new meaning.
The Origin of ‘Disinfect’
The idea of protecting from infection leads us to an older word:
disinfect.
Even though pathogens like bacteria and viruses were not scientifically understood when these words were coined,
infection has been in use since the 1300s, and
disinfect entered the language in the late 1500s.
As medical practices became more precise, so did the use of these terms, though it can sometimes be hard to know what the exact differences are.
Our definition for sanitize uses “clean” and our definition for disinfect uses “cleanse,” words which, as we know, show different patterns of linguistic (if not scientific) usage.
A Formal Guideline for Cleaning, Sanitizing, and Disinfecting
Though the definitions may not give medical precision,
we can get more information from government recommendations.
These Environmental Protection Agency guidelines make a
clear distinction between “cleaning” and “sanitizing”:
Cleaning is done with water, a cleaning product, and scrubbing.
Cleaning does not kill bacteria, viruses, or fungi,
which are generally referred to as “germs.”
Cleaning products are used to remove germs, dirt, and other organic material by washing them down the drain.
Sanitizing and disinfecting products are chemicals that work by killing germs. These chemicals are also called antimicrobial pesticides…Disinfectants kill more germs than sanitizers.
In most cases, a cleaning product is used first.
Then the surface is either sanitized or disinfected when it is necessary.
Sanitizing and disinfecting are different from simple cleaning or washing because they kill germs by chemical means, and, further,
“Disinfectants kill more germs than sanitizers.”
Guidelines from the CDC
use wash to refer to cleaning with soap and water,
and sanitize means using bleach.
