2023-06-27 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด L – Like – as if & like for & like to & like of
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ที่ถือว่า ถูกต้อง นี้ เป็นไป ตามมาตรฐาน ของภาษา
การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ไม่กำหนดมาตฐาน ถือตามส่วนใหญ่ที่ใช้แต่ละท้องถิ่น
ความหมาย อาจยืดหยุ่น ขึ้นอยู่กับ ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง like = ‘LAHYK’
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expression
LIKE
In recent years, like has been used
so increasingly for as or as if
that this usage is now accepted as popular or informal
in constructions formerly considered nonstandard.
When like precedes a noun that is not followed by a verb,
its use is standard: “He talked like an expert.”
The use of like as a subordinating conjunction
is not recommended, however,
(He drank beer like it was going out of style).
In standard usage, say as or as if in clauses of comparison:
“You should do as I tell you,” not “You should do like I tell you.”
No longer do you need to avoid like “like” you once did,
but it is preferable to use it only in a prepositional sense.
In other situations,
use as if, though, and as though
not only for correctness but for effective variety.
You will then speak as (not like) a good speaker should.
In recent years, like has become a filler,
a throwaway word used constantly in the speech of many persons, especially young people:
“You know, I want to, like I said, try to do better,
but something always, like, get in the way.”
One can sympathize with the nervousness or ignorance
that presumably causes this misuse and overuse,
but one can also avoid the practice himself.
Common Errors In English Usage Dictionary
Like & as if
Since the 1950s,
when it was especially associated with hipsters,
“like” as a sort of meaningless verbal hiccup
has been common in speech.
The earliest uses had a sort of sense to them
in which “like” introduced feelings or perceptions
which were then specified:
“When I learned my poem had been rejected I was, like, devastated.”
However, “like” quickly migrated elsewhere in sentences:
“I was like, just going down the road, when, like,
I saw this cop, like, hiding behind the billboard.”
This habit has spread throughout American society,
affecting people of all ages.
Those who have the irritating “like” habit are
usually unaware of it,
even if they use it once or twice in every sentence:
but if your job involves much speaking with others,
it’s a habit worth breaking.
Recently young people have extended its uses
by using “like” to introduce thoughts and speeches:
“When he tells me his car broke down on the way to my party I’m like, ” I know you were with Cheryl because she told me so.”
To be reacted to as a grown-up, avoid this pattern.
Common Errors In English Usage Dictionary
“As if” is generally preferred
in formal writing over “like” in sentences
such as “the conductor looks as if he’s ready to begin the symphony.”
But in colloquial speech, “like” prevails,
and when recording expressions
such as “he spends money like it’s going out of style”
it would be artificial to substitute “as if.”
And in expressions where
the verb is implied rather than expressed,
“like” is standard rather than “as":
“she took to gymnastics like a duck to water.”
Common Errors In English Usage Dictionary
like for & like
I would like you to remember that saying
“I’d like for you to take out the garbage”
is not formal English.
The “for” is unnecessary.
Dictionary.com & BRITISH DICTIONARY
DEFINITIONS FOR LIKE
USAGE FOR LIKE
The use of like to mean such as
was formerly thought to be undesirable in formal writing,
but has now become acceptable.
It was also thought that as rather than like
should be used to mean in the same way that,
but now both as and like are acceptable:
they hunt and catch fish as/like their ancestors used to.
The use of look like and seem like before a clause,
although very common,
is thought by many people to be incorrect or non-standard:
it looks as though he won't come
(not it looks like he won't come)
Dictionary.com
USAGE NOTE FOR LIKE
Like as a conjunction meaning “as, in the same way as”
(Many shoppers study the food ads like brokers study market reports)
or “as if” ( It looks like it will rain ) has been used for nearly 500 years and by many distinguished literary and intellectual figures.
Since the mid-19th century there have been objections,
often vehement, to these uses.
Nevertheless, such uses are almost universal today
in all but the most formal speech and writing.
In extremely careful speech and in much formal writing,
as, as if, and as though are more commonly used than like :
The commanding general accepted full responsibility
for the incident, as any professional soldier would.
Many of the Greenwich Village bohemians lived as if
(or as though ) there were no tomorrow.
The strong strictures against the use of like
as a conjunction have resulted in the occasional hyper correct
use of as as a preposition where like is idiomatic:
She looks as a sympathetic person.
Like meaning “as if” is also standard
in informal speech and writing
with a small number of adjectives:
The crew worked like crazy (or like mad )
to finish the job on time.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Like vs. as: Usage Guide
Conjunction
Like has been used as a conjunction
in ways similar to as since the 14th century.
In the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries
it was used in serious literature, but not often;
in the 17th and 18th centuries
it grew more frequent but less literary.
It became markedly more frequent in literary use again
in the 19th century.
By mid-century it was coming under critical fire,
but not from grammarians, oddly enough,
who were wrangling over whether it could be
called a preposition or not.
There is no doubt that, after 600 years of use,
conjunctive like is firmly established.
It has been used by many prestigious literary figures of the past, though perhaps not in their most elevated works;
in modern use
it may be found in literature, journalism, and scholarly writing.
While the present objection to it
is perhaps more heated than rational,
someone writing in a formal prose style
may well prefer to use as, as if, such as,
or an entirely different construction instead.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
Learning to Like 'Like'
People have complained about 'like' for decades.
Can a case be made for it?
What’s not to like about the word like?
The short answer to that question is "so much."
Like has been a particularly bountiful source of irritation
for people who get annoyed by the language habits of other people:
while most offending words,
such as irregardless, find a single specialty
and stick with it, like annoys people in two distinct ways.
Yet in each case, one can make an argument that
like isn't so bad as one might assume.
If you tend to get into arguments about the word like
—or if you simply want to know how lexicographers
could possibly justify the word's use—read on.
People have been complaining about supposedly
incorrect uses of 'like' for a long time.
But there's nothing wrong with using 'like' as a conjunction
—and the supposedly meaningless use of 'like'
by young people is not really meaningless,
nor is it limited to a particular age or gender.
Annoyance #1:
Using Like As a Conjunction
In 1954, an advertising firm working for Winston cigarettes
adopted a tried-and-tested method
of getting their product noticed:
they irritated people.
They did this in a fashion so spectacularly evil,
so ingeniously vile, that people are still talking about it today.
Brace yourselves. Are you ready?
They took a word that many people thought should be an adverb,
and they used it as a conjunction.
The 1950s were a different time,
but the advertisement that resulted
was one of the most famous ads of the 20th century:
“Winston Tastes Good, Like a Cigarette Should.”
Mass hysteria and outrage soon followed.
The journalist Walter Cronkite,
when given this advertising script to read on the air
in between news broadcasts, refused
—not because he was advertising a product that caused cancer,
but because he didn't like the syntax.
Instead, Cronkite promoted the carcinogenic product
with the phrase
"Winston tastes good, as a cigarette should."
Here's the interesting part:
like had been used as a conjunction in English
since the 14th century.
It was uncommon, which may explain
why the complaints about it don't appear until the late 18th century,
but enough people employed the conjunctive like
between 1800 and 1950 that we find a steady stream
of language watchers cautioning against it:
In spite of these mid-century admonishments,
people kept using like as a conjunction.
In fact, the conjunctive like is now so prevalent
that many people pay it no attention.
And why should they?
Again, the conjunctive like
has been in use for 600 years.
It is firmly established.
It has been used by many prestigious literary figures of the past, though perhaps not in their most elevated works;
in modern use it may be found
in literature, journalism, and scholarly writing.
One may avoid it as a matter of preference,
but one cannot deny its existence.
However, this does not mean that like has finished I
ts assault upon the sanctity of our language.
It has not.
Annoyance #2:
Using Like When It Doesn't, Like, Mean Anything
Once people stopped getting upset
about like as a conjunction,
they found a new reason to dislike it:
its use as a meaningless word by young people.
Fair enough.
Except that this newfangled use of like is not restricted to the young—it has been found across all ages of English speakers
—and it isn’t at all meaningless.
Linguists who study this use of like
have identified numerous functions.
When someone says
“That has to be, like, the fiftieth time you’ve told me to not use like,”
the word functions as an approximative adverb,
and informs the listener that
some estimate of quantity is included in the sentence.
When that same person says
“My mother was like, 'please don’t use like so much,’”
like serves as a quotative compartmentalizer:
something that indicates a portion of the sentence
is quoting or paraphrasing another speaker.
Like is often found grazing at the beginning of sentences,
in a position that is generally thought of as a discourse marker.
A discourse marker is the word
you use at the beginning of a sentence when you say
"Well, I think that using like in that way makes you sound foolish."
It serves a very similar role to the word
at the beginning of the sentence
uttered in response to your disapproval:
"Like, that’s just your opinion."
A hundred years ago,
some writers on language instructed writers
to avoid well for many of the same reasons
that people condemn like today.
Ambrose Bierce, in his 1909 book Write it Right,
referred to well as "a mere meaningless prelude to a sentence."
But there was never any widespread outcry
against discourse markers,
largely because most people, writers on language included,
did not know what they were.
Unless you're planning a career in linguistics
you needn't concern yourself overmuch with the subject,
except to know that discourse markers are common,
especially in speech, and that pretty much everybody uses them.
Like is not content-free and meaningless
when used in these instances.
It provides information,
although that information may be subtle and difficult to parse.
If you haven’t the patience to decipher
whether you are hearing a quotative compartmentalizer
or a discourse marker, take heart in the fact
that like is serving another vitally important lexical role,
and one which is quite easy to understand:
it is giving millions of people something to complain about.
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary,
lik′er, n.
usage:
like as a conjunction meaning “as, in the same way as”
(Many shoppers study the food ads like brokers study market reports)
or “as if” (It looks like it will rain) has been used for nearly 500 years and by many distinguished literary and intellectual figures.
Since the mid-19th century
there have been objections to these uses.
Nevertheless, such uses are almost universal today
in all but the most formal speech and writing,
in which as, as if, and as though
are more commonly used than like:
The general accepted full responsibility for the incident,
as any professional soldier would.
Many of the bohemians lived as if
(or as though) there were no tomorrow.
The strong strictures against the use of like
as a conjunction have resulted in the occasional hypercorrect
use of as as a preposition where like is idiomatic:
She looks as a sympathetic person.
See also as.
Collins English Dictionary
Usage:
The use of like to mean such as
was formerly thought to be undesirable in formal writing,
but has now become acceptable.
It was also thought that as rather than like
should be used to mean in the same way that,
but now both as and like are acceptable:
they hunt and catch fish as/like their ancestors used to.
The use of look like and seem like before a clause,
although very common,
is thought by many people to be incorrect or non-standard:
it looks as though he won't come (not it looks like he won't come)
Collins COBUILD English Usage:
like
1. 'like'
If you like someone or something,
you find them pleasant or attractive.
She's a nice girl, I like her.
Very few people liked the idea.
Be Careful!
Don't use a progressive form of like.
Don't say, for example, 'I am liking peanuts'.
Say 'I like peanuts'.
You can use like in front of an -ing form
to say that you enjoy an activity.
I like reading.
I just don't like being in crowds.
You can add very much to emphasize
how much you like someone or something,
or how much you enjoy an activity.
I like him very much.
I like swimming very much.
Be Careful!
You must put very much after the object, not after like.
Don't say, for example, 'I like very much swimming'.
If someone asks you if you like something,
you can say 'Yes, I do.'
Don't say 'Yes, I like.'
Do you like walking?' – 'Yes I do, I love it.'
Be Careful!
Don't use 'like' immediately in front of
a clause beginning with 'when' or 'if'.
For example,
don't say 'I like when I can go home early'.
Say 'I like it when I can go home early'.
The guests don't like it when they can't use the pool.
I'd like it if we were friends again.
2. 'would like'
You say 'Would you like...?'
when you are offering something to someone.
Would you like some coffee?
Be Careful!
Don't say 'Do you like some coffee?'
You say 'Would you like...' followed by a to-infinitive
when you are inviting someone to do something.
Would you like to meet him?
Be Careful!
Don't use an -ing form after 'Would you like...'.
Don't say, for example, 'Would you like meeting him?'
You can say 'I'd like...'
when asking for something in a shop or café.
I'd like some apples, please.
You say 'I'd like you to...'
when you are telling someone to do something
in a fairly polite way.
I'd like you to tell them where I am.
Collins COBUILD English Usage:
like & as & the way
1. used as conjunctions
You can use like, as, or the way as conjunctions
when you are comparing one person's behaviour or appearance
to another's.
In the clause which follows the conjunction,
the verb is usually do.
For example,
you can say 'He walked to work every day, like his father had done',
'He walked to work every day, as his father had done',
or 'He walked to work every day, the way his father had done'.
I never behave like she does.
They were people who spoke and thought as he did.
Start lending things, the way people did in the war.
2. used as prepositions
Like and as can be prepositions,
but their meaning is not usually the same.
For example,
if you do something like a particular kind of person,
you do it the way that kind of person would do it,
although you are not that kind of person.
We worked like slaves.
If you do something as a particular kind of person,
you are that kind of person.
Over the summer she worked as a waitress.
I can only speak as a married man without children.
Collins COBUILD English Usage Dictionay
Like & dislike
The verbs and expressions in the following list
are all used to indicate
how much someone likes or dislikes something.
They are arranged from 'like most' to 'dislike most':
adore
She adored her parents and would do anything to please them.
love, be crazy about, be mad about, be a great fan of
We loved the food so much, especially the fish dishes.
He's still crazy about both his work and his hobbies.
She's not as mad about sport as I am.
I am a great fan of rave music.
like, be fond of, be keen on
What music do you like best?
She was especially fond of a little girl named Betsy.
Both companies were keen on a merger.
don't mind
I hope you don't mind me calling in like this,
without an appointment.
We don't serve liver often because so many people dislike it.
hate
She hated hospitals and didn't like the idea of having an operation.
abhor, can't bear, can't stand, detest, loathe
He was a man who abhorred violence
and was deeply committed to reconciliation.
I can't bear people who make judgements and label me.
I can't stand that man and his arrogance.
Jean detested being photographed.
The two men loathe each other.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Usage Note:
They don't make them like they used to.
I remember it like it was yesterday.
As these familiar examples show,
like is often used as a conjunction
meaning "as" or "as if," particularly in speech.
While writers since Chaucer's time
have used like as a conjunction,
the usage today has a somewhat informal or conversational flavor.
Language critics and writing handbooks
have condemned the conjunctive use of like
for more than a century,
and in accordance with this tradition,
like is usually edited out of more formal prose.
This is easy enough to do,
since as and as if stand as synonyms:
Sales of new models rose as (not like) we expected them to.
He ran as if (not like) his life depended on it.
Like is acceptable at all levels as a conjunction
when used with verbs
such as feel, look, seem, sound, and taste:
It looks like we are in for a rough winter.
Constructions in which the verb is not expressed,
such as
He took to politics like a duck to water, are also acceptable,
especially since in these cases like can be viewed as a preposition.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Our Living Language
Along with be all and go,
the construction combining be and like
has become a common way of introducing quotations
in informal conversation,
especially among younger people:
"So I'm like, 'Let's get out of here!'"
As with go, this use of like can also announce
a brief imitation of another person's behavior,
often elaborated with facial expressions and gestures.
It can also summarize a past attitude or reaction
(instead of presenting direct speech).
If a woman says "I'm like, 'Get lost buddy!'"
she may or may not have used
those actual words to tell the offending man off.
In fact, she may not have said anything to him
but instead may be summarizing her attitude
at the time by stating what she might have said,
had she chosen to speak.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
like (līk) also liked (līkt)
aux.v. Chiefly Southern US
Used with a past infinitive
or with to and a simple past form
to indicate being just on the point of or
coming near to having done something in the past:
"I like to a split a gut laughin'."
"It seemed as how nobody had thought about measurin'
the width of the bridge's openin',
and we like to didn't make it through"
(Dictionary of American Regional English).
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Our Living Language
In certain Southern varieties of American English
there are two grammatically distinct usages
of the word like to mean "was on the verge of."
In both, either like or liked is possible.
In the first, the word is followed by a past infinitive:
We like (or liked) to have drowned.
The ancestor of this construction was probably
the adjective like in the sense "likely, on the verge of,"
as in She's like to get married again.
The adjective was reinterpreted by some speakers as a verb,
and since like to and liked to are indistinguishable
in normal speech, the past tense came to be
marked on the following infinitive for clarity.
From this developed
a second way of expressing the same concept:
the use of like to with a following finite past tense verb form,
as in
I like to died when I saw that.
This construction appears odd at first
because it ostensibly contains an ungrammatical infinitive,
to died, but that is not the case at all.
What has happened is that
like to here has been reinterpreted as an adverb
meaning almost.
In fact,
it is quite common to see the phrase
spelled as a single word,
in the pronunciation spelling liketa.
ความเห็น (0)
ไม่มีความเห็น