2022-09-08 (151223-2) ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด H - holocaust

Revision H

2022-09-08(151223-2) ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด H - holocaust

การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ที่ถือว่า ถูกต้อง ในที่นี้ เป็นไป ตามมาตรฐาน ของภาษา 

การใช้ภาษาอังกฤษ ไม่กำหนดมาตฐาน ถือตามส่วนใหญ่ที่ใช้แต่ละท้องถิ่น 

ความหมาย อาจยืดหยุ่น ขึ้นอยู่กับ ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค 

Ref.: http://www.gotoknow.org/posts/683779

 

Dictionary.com:

ออกเสียง Holocaust = ‘HOL-uh-kawst’ or ‘HOH-luh-kawst’

 

Common Errors in English Usage Dictionary“

Holocaust” is a Greek-derived translation of the Hebrew term olah, 

which denotes a sort of ritual sacrifice in which 

the food offered is completely burnt up 

rather than being merely dedicated to God and then eaten. 

 

It was applied with bitter irony by Jews 

to the destruction of millions of their number in the Nazi death camps.

Although phrases like “nuclear holocaust” 

And “Cambodian holocaust” have become common, 

you risk giving serious offense by using the word in less severe circumstances,

such as calling a precipitous decline in stock prices a “sell-off holocaust.”

 

Merriam-Webster Dictionary

Holocaust Remembrance Day 

January 27 is the anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz-Birkenau

27 Jan 2017

January 27 is Holocaust Remembrance Day,

and holocaust spiked in lookups.

 

Holocaust is the name given to the mass slaughter of European civilians

and especially Jews by the Nazis during World War II.

Its original meaning, “a burnt sacrifice,

”reflects its etymology;

it comes from the Greek word holokaustos, meaning “burnt whole.”

 

Caustic and cauterize both come from the word’s ultimate root, 

kaustos, the Greek word for “burnt.” From “burnt sacrifice,”

holocaust took the general meaning

“a thorough destruction involving extensive loss of life especially through fire”

before being used (often capitalized) as the specific name for the Nazi horrors.

 

Though holocaust was sometimes used in the 1940s 

with reference to Nazi-perpetrated mass murder, 

it didn’t become established as a name for the historical event until the mid-1950s.

The Hebrew word Shoah, meaning “catastrophe,” 

began to be used in English as a synonym for Holocaust in 1967.

 

American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,

hol′o·caus′tal, hol′o·caus′tic adj.

Usage Note:

Holocaust has a secure place in the language

when it refers to the massive destruction of humans by other humans.

In our 1987 survey 99 percent of the Usage Panel 

accepted the use of holocaust in the phrase nuclear holocaust. 

Sixty percent accepted the sentence

 

As many as two million people may have died in the holocaust

that followed the Khmer Rouge takeover in Cambodia.

But because of its associations with genocide,

people may object to extended applications of holocaust.

 

The percentage of the Panel’s acceptance drops sharply 

when people use the word to refer to death brought about by natural causes.

 

In our 1999 survey 47 percent approved the sentence

In East Africa five years of drought have brought 

about a holocaust in which millions have died.

 

Just 16 percent approved

The press gives little coverage to the holocaust of malaria 

that goes on, year after year, in tropical countries, 

where there is no mention of widespread mortality.

 

The Panel has little enthusiasm for more figurative usages 

of holocaust. In 1999, only 7 percent accepted

Numerous small investors lost their stakes in the holocaust 

that followed the precipitous drop in stocks.

 

This suggests that these extended uses of the word 

may be viewed as overblown or in poor taste.

 

American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language:

Word History:

Totality of destruction has been central to the meaning of holocaust 

since it first appeared in Middle English in the 1300s,

 

used in reference to the biblical sacrifice in which 

a male animal was wholly burnt on the altar in worship of God.

 

Holocaust comes from Greek holokauston, 

“that which is completely burnt,” 

which was a translation of Hebrew ‘ōlâ 

(literally “that which goes up,” that is, in smoke).

In this sense of “burnt sacrifice,” holocaust is still used in some versions of the Bible.

 

In the 1600s, the meaning of holocaust 

broadened to “something totally consumed by fire,” 

and the word eventually was applied to fires of extreme destructiveness.

 

In the 1900s, holocaust took on a variety of figurative meanings, 

summarizing the effects of war, rioting, storms, epidemic diseases, 

and even economic failures.

 

Most of these usages arose after World War II, 

but it is unclear whether they permitted or resulted 

from the use of holocaust in reference to the mass murder of European Jews 

and others by the Nazis.

 

This application of the word occurred as early as 1942, 

but the phrase the Holocaust did not become established until the late 1950s. 

Here it parallels and may have been influenced by

another Hebrew word, šô’â, “catastrophe” (in English, Shoah).

 

In the Bible šô’â has a range of meanings including 

“personal ruin or devastation” and “a wasteland or desert.” 

Šô’â was first used to refer to the Nazi slaughter of Jews in 1939, 

but the phrase haš-šô’â, “the catastrophe,” became established only after World War II.

 

Holocaust has also been used to translate ḥurbān, 

“destruction,” another Hebrew word used as a name for the genocide of Jews by the Nazis.