2022-02-13 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – D - dreamed & dreamt
2022-02-13
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน - Set – D - dreamed & dreamt
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Dictionary.com:
ออกเสียง dream = “DREEM”
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions:
dreamed & dreamt
The past tense and past participle of dream
are either dreamed or dreamt:
“She dreamed a lovely dream last night” or
“She dreamt a lovely dream last night.”
One may say has dreamed or has dreamt with equal correctness.
Dreamed is more often used in the United States,
dreamt in Great Britain.
Both forms of the verb require the prepositionof
when followed by a verb form ending in -ing:
“She dreamed (or dreamt) of taking an exciting journey to Europe.”
Dictionary.com:
SYNONYM STUDY FOR DREAM
Dream, nightmare, and vision
refer to the kinds of mental images
that form duringsleep.
Dream is the general term for any such succession of images.
A nightmare is a dream that brings fear or anxiety:
frightened by a nightmare.
Vision refers to a series of images
of unusual vividness, clarity, order, and significance,
sometimes seen in a dream.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
dream
Did you know?
Not until the 13th century was our word dream
used in the sense of
“a series of thoughts, images, or emotions occurring during sleep.”
The word itself is considerably older.
In Old English dream means “joy,” “noise,” or “music.”
Yet the change in meaning
did not come from the development of a more specialized sense.
Rather it appears that
after many Scandinavian conflicts, conquests, and settlements in Britain the Old Norse draumr, meaning “a dream during sleep,”
influenced the meaning of the etymologically related, English word.
By the end of the 14th century
the earlier meanings had been entirely replaced.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Usage Notes
Is it 'Dreamed' or 'Dreamt'?
Dream Analysis, Past Tense Version
What to Know
Dreamed and dreamt are
both acceptable past tense forms of dream.
Dreamed follows the pattern of regular verbs, ending with "-ed"
while dreamt is irregular.
Often the irregular, or "strong," form of a word gives way
and is replaced by the normalized form,
but both dreamt and dreamed are still in use.
Let's say
it's Monday morning at the water cooler
and your coworker is recounting another one of their fascinating dreams:
"It was cold, and we were all walking across a big field, and there were fish swimming around our feet even though there wasn't any water, and …"
It can be hard to stifle a yawn, can't it?
We're not going to weigh in on whether or not
other people's dreams are always boring (of course they're not!),
but we will weigh in on what the past tense of dream is.
What was it your coworker did last night?
They dreamed about that cold fish-filled field?
Or is it more correct to say they dreamt about it?
The answer is either.
Both dreamed and dreamt have been past tense forms of dream
since the 14th century.
"I dreamt a dream tonight," says Romeo to Mercutio in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, written in the late 16th century.
Shakespeare typically opted for dreamt in his works,
but occasionally employed dreamed as well.
A century and change later, Jonathan Swift vacillated
between dreamed and dreamt in Journal to Stella,
a series of letters written between 1710 and 1713
and published posthumously in 1766,
but chose dreamed for the one past-tense occurrence of dream
in the 1726 Gulliver's Travels. By the 19th century,
evidence suggests that most major writers
(or perhaps their editors and/or publishers) were somewhat conflicted.
While Jane Austen and William Makepeace Thackeray
were dedicated dreamt users,
and Edith Wharton and Virginia Woolf consistently favored dreamed,
other 19th and early 20th century writers
—among them Charlotte Brontë, Mark Twain, G.K. Chesterton, Herman Melville, Walter Scott, Joseph Conrad, Jack London, Charles Dickens, Thomas Hardy, Henry James, H.G. Wells, James Joyce, and P.G. Wodehouse—used both.
But both the literary world and English speakers
generally were movingdecidedly away from dreamt,
with dreamed becoming the clearly dominant form
in the first half of the 19th century.
Regular and Irregular Verbs
Dreamed, of course, follows the pattern of most verbs.
The great majority of English verbs
take the familiar -ed for their past tense and past-participle forms.
These are "regular" verbs that play by the rules.
Other not-so-predictableverbs are "irregular."
The regular verbs are sometimes called "weak"
and the irregular verbs sometimes called "strong,"
presumably because the former are a docile and tractable bunch
while the latter seem to do whatever they gosh darn well please.
Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learners English Dictionary
(a dictionary for non-native speakers) lists about 300 irregular verbs,
the majority of them being simple, usually single-syllable words.
It's a small number, but its members are powerful:
they include those we use most often;
as linguist Steven Pinker has pointed out,
the ten most common English verbs (be, have, do, say, make, go, take, come, see, and get) are irregular,
and chances are quite good (70% good)
that if you're using a verb it's an irregular one.
Both regular and irregular verbs date back to Old English,
but the number of ho-hum -ed forms has increased over the centuries,
and only the most common irregular verbs
have kept their quirky conjugations.
There are still glimpses of the less common strong verb forms
here and there, especially in dialectal English.
Someone native to parts of the South might say
"I love to climb trees but have never clomb/clome that one there."
Climbed has been the norm since around the 16th century,
but the other form still exists, secreted away in dialects.
Every once in a while things go in the opposite direction.
Sneak had the regular past tense form sneaked
when it appeared in the late 1500s,
but in the late 1800s the form snuck showed up in the United States.
That form is now more common here by some estimations than sneaked.
Snuck is widely derided in the UK—but still used there some,
and in respected newspapers
—and it's got its haters on this side of the pond too.
Although dream appears to be yet another verb
that has followed the expected trajectory of weakening into regularity,
both dreamed and dreamt are in current use,
and you can use the stronger and less common form if you prefer it.
We wouldn't dream of telling you otherwise.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
Word History
An Analysis of 'Dream'
We interpret the history and significance of the word.
What to Know
Dream in Old English referred to
auditory or emotional sensations experienced while awake;
it's thanks to the influence of Old Norse
that the word came to refer to
the mental visions and sensations experienced during sleep instead.
Dream later expanded to refer to
"blissful awakened states,"
"strong desires,"
"imagined fantasies,"
and to be paired with other words (as in American Dream).
Dream is of course also a verb
wherein one can dream, dream of, dream up, or dream on.
Dreaming While Awake
Old English drēam had a different meaning than the dream of today
that is used in reference to
neuronal activity during sleep or semiconscious wakefulness:
it referred to things causing auditory or emotional sensations experienced while fully awake.
Drēam in fact meant "noise," "joy," or "music."
In the 13th century, the word began to be used
in the now-familiar sleep-related senses,
but not because of some specialized sense of the older word.
Etymologists believe that the change in meaning
was from an outside influence:
it appears that after many Scandinavian conflicts, conquests,
and settlements in Britain,
Old Norse draumr, itself having the meaning of our modern word Dream
—“a series of thoughts, images, or emotions occurring during sleep”
—influenced the meaning of English word.
Eventually, the earlier "noisy" meaning quieted as the new dream,
relating to mental visions, awakened.
Later Usage
In Middle English,
dream started to be used to refer to
an experience occurring while awake
that has the characteristics of a dream in sleep,
or for an awakened state of mind
but one distracted from reality in some way
("She lives in a dream, oblivious of all practical concerns";
"After they kissed, he strolled away in a dream").
Dream then came to refer specifically to
an imagined vision or fantasy indulged in reverie or daydreaming,
as in "The future is built on the dreams of the youth"
or "The student began to zone out during the lecture on Buddhism and had a dream in which he met the Dalai Lama."
The noun dream can also designate something
or someone that is ideal or strongly desired or hoped for
—for example,
"The island is a beach lover's dream";
"The car is a dream to drive";
"She fulfilled her dream of becoming a doctor";
"Making it to the Olympics was a dream come true."
This sense is often used attributively,
as in "a dream vacation/house/job" or "a legal dream team."
Compound Words With 'Dream'
There are also derivative dream terms,
such as pipe dream and the American dream, having distinct meanings.
A pipe dream is "an illusory or fantastic plan, hope, or story"
(in other words, something that is impossible to achieve or is simply not practical).
Pipe dream is American in origin and dates to the late 19th century.
The pipe element refers to an opium pipe,
and the dream element to the drug-induced fantasies
brought about by the smoking of opium.
The American dream was popularized in the 20th century
and signifies an American social ideal that stresses egalitarianism
and advocates the right of every citizen of the United States
to be allowed an equal opportunity to achieve success and material prosperity through initiative and hard work.
This use of dream was born in the 18th century
to denote a way of life considered ideal
by a particular nation or group of people.
It usually precedes a modifying adjective,
as in "the Russian/Australian dream"
or "the imperial dream of power"
(or "the American dream").
Here is an example which gives insights
as to what such dreams are made of:
We are learning that the Chinese dream is very different
than what many observers expected just a few years ago.
On the one hand, Beijing is a sophisticated international capital
where Chinese artists, art lovers, and expats gathered Sunday
at a fund-raising gala at the Ullens Center for Contemporary Art,
a venue that recently hosted a major Picasso exhibition.
It is also home to elite universities where students and young people
I met were mostly optimistic about their future.
Fiddling with cell phones, this e-commerce generation orders up
virtually their whole life from mega apps like WeChat.
Or lifestyle apps like Meituan Dianping,
the national meal delivery app that delivers fresh groceries anywhere
in 30 minutes and just marked a high of 30 million orders in one day.
— Trudy Rubin, The Philadelphia Inquirer, 7 Nov. 2019
American clergyman and civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr.,
famously evokes this dream in his "I Have a Dream" speech
—delivered on August 28, 1963 during the March on Washington,
which was a call for racial equality and freedom.
King also powerfully uses dream in his speech to emphasize
his goals and aspirations,
the attainments of which are ardently desired and longed for.
I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream.
It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.…
I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin
but by the content of their character.
I have a dream that …
one day right there in Alabama,
little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands
with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers.
'Dreaming' as a Verb
The verb dream, meaning "to have a dream (of) in sleep,"
originated in early Middle English.
Earlier use follows the history of the noun.
It traces to Old English with the meanings
"to rejoice," "to sing," or "to make music,"
all of which were quieted as the verbal homograph developed semantically.
Eventually, the verb came to refer to activity of the mind passing time
in idle daydreaming or reverie or in hopeful and wishful thought.
In any case,
when "dreaming,"
things not yet conceived, invented, or imagined are often "dreamed of,"
and anything "dreamed of" can be, with effort and resilience, realized.
The phrase dream of denotes the act of thinking
of something as being true or possible, fitting, or proper,
but its usage is often used in negative constructions,
as in "I never dreamed of acting on Broadway"
or "I wouldn't dream of hurting anybody."
The imperative phrase dream on
—which is often used informally to say that
you do not think something that another person wants or expects will ever happen
(take, for instance, this exchange:
"I think my band will be famous one day." "Dream on.")
—is first recorded in the 18th century.
Similar phrasings are "keep on dreaming" or "in your dreams,"
both of which suggest something is highly improbable
or has no chance or hope of happening.
Another common verbal phrase is dream up,
meaning "to form or think of in the mind";
synonyms are invent, devise, and concoct,
as in "He dreamed up a solution to the problem."
For the record,
we never in our wildest dreams
would have dreamed up this history of dream.
It is based on word usage. Sweet dreams.
And, keep in mind,
there are other dream words to dream of,
such as dreamboat.
How exactly did a "boat" come to refer to
a person who is very attractive anyways?
That's a question for another voyage.
Collins COBUILD English Usage:
Dream can be a noun or a verb.
The past tense and -ed participle of the verb
is either dreamed /driːmd/ or dreamt /dremt/.
Dreamed is more common in American English.
1. used as a noun
A dream is an imaginary series of events
that you experience in your mind while you are asleep.
In his dream he was sitting in a theatre watching a play.
You say that someone has a dream.
The other night I had a strange dream.
Sam has bad dreams every night.
You don't usually say that someone 'dreams a dream'.
A dream is also a situation or event that you often think about
because you would like it to happen.
My dream is to have a house in the country.
His dream of becoming a pilot had come true.
2. used as a verb
When someone experiences imaginary events while they are asleep,
you can say that they dream something happens
or dream that something happens.
I dreamed Marnie was in trouble.
Daniel dreamt that he was back in Minneapolis.
You can also say that someone dreams about someone
or something or dreams of them.
Last night I dreamed about you.
I dreamt of him every night.
When someone thinks about a situation that they would like to happen,
you can say that
they dream of having something or dream of doing something.
He dreamt of having a car.
I've always dreamed of becoming a writer.
Be Careful!
Don't say that someone 'dreams to have' something
or 'dreams to do' something.
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