2022-01-01 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด – B – – brief & short
2022-01-01
ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด – B – – brief & short
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Dictionary.com
ออกเสียง brief = ‘BREEF’
ออกเสียง short = ‘SHAWRT’
Dictionary.com
SYNONYM STUDY FOR SHORT
Short, brief are opposed to long,
and indicate slight extent or duration.
Short may imply duration but is also applied to physical distance
and certain purely spatial relations:
a short journey.
Brief refers especially to duration of time:
brief intervals.
Dictionary.com
VOCAB BUILDER
What does brief mean?
Brief is most commonly used as an adjective
to mean lasting a short amount of time.
As an adjective, it can also mean concise or said in a few words,
as in Keep your introduction brief and get right to the point.
Less commonly,
brief can describe an action or interaction
as abrupt or too short, often in a rude way,
as in Please don’t be so brief with customers.
The adverb form of the adjective brief is briefly,
which most commonly means for a short amount of time or concisely.
As a noun, the wor
d brief commonly means a short written item.
In a legal context,
a brief is a short legal document,
such as a written argument submitted to a court
or some other short statement of facts for use in a legal case.
Brief can also be used as a verb meaning to provide a short explanation or summary of something to someone,
as in Each cabinet member will brief the president on the most important issues.
The noun briefing refers to a meeting
at which someone is briefed in this way.
Example: The meeting was very brief—it lasted only a few minutes.
Where does brief come from?
The first records of the word brief come from the 1200s.
It ultimately comes from the Latin brevis, meaning “short.”
Whether it’s used as an adjective, a noun, or a verb,
the word brief always involves things that are short in length or duration.
When you tell someone to “keep it brief,”
you’re asking them to not take too long
—often because there’s not a lot of time.
But there’s no set amount of time that makes something brief
—it just means appropriately short for the situation.
When someone says “I’ll be brief” before speaking,
they may have a different idea of what brief means than you do.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
A Brief on 'Brief' and 'Debrief'
The 'de-' in 'debrief' means "do the opposite of."
What to Know
Brief as a noun can be any short summary,
and can more formally be associated with legal and religious paperwork.
Brief is a verb as well, meaning "to summarize" or "to give instructions."
This last definition gave rise to debrief,
which means "to question or get information from someone."
People are often "briefed," given instruction,
and later "debriefed" on how the instructions were carried out.
The Meaning and Origin of 'Brief'
The adjective and noun brief are from Middle English
bref, a borrowing of an Anglo-French word referring to a letter
or, more specifically, a writ indicating legal proceedings.
The French word derives from Latin brevis, nominally
meaning "summary" or "short document" and adjectivally "short."
Fittingly, both English words denote shortness or conciseness
—chiefly in speech or writing, or in regard to time
(as in "a brief description" or "a brief visit").
Additionally, they both have been tailored as words
for snug-fitting clothing that covers less of the body than is usual
(e.g., "brief shorts," "bikini briefs").
As a noun,
brief originally designated an official letter or mandate,
especially a papal letter on matters of discipline,
before being applied to a legal writ or precept.
In a court of law,
brief can also refer to a concise statement (or memorandum) of a client's case that is written for the instruction of an attorney,
or to the formal written presentation of an argument that sets forth the main points regarding a specific motion or point of law with supporting precedents and evidence.
An amicus curiae must file its brief … no later than 7 days after the principal brief of the party being supported is filed
— Federal and Local Rules of Appellate Procedure, Rule 29
One of the ACLU's earliest and most important successes in establishing a liberty-based, individual speech right in the Court was Stromberg v. California. In its brief in that case, the ACLU argued that the "freedom of speech and of the press ... are among the fundamental personal rights and 'liberties' protected by the due-process clause."
— Morgan N. Weiland, The Stanford Law Review, May 2017
In general cases, the noun simply refers to a short statement or report of something, as in "a news brief," or, in British English, to a set of instructions regarding work to be done or areas of responsibility, as in "Her brief is to manage the company's sales department." Also, in informal British, brief is used to mean "lawyer":
"Get over here Riley, you've got a visitor." "A visitor?" Riley said. "Yes, your brief." Riley stood there … and Jackson added impatiently, "Your brief, your lawyer...."
— Jack Higgins, The President's Daughter, 1997>
'Brief' as a Verb
During the 19th century,
brief began being used as a verb meaning
"to make an abstract or abridgment of something"
(as in "The law clerk briefed the client's case")
or "to give information or instructions to someone"
("The president has been briefed by his advisers";
"The soldiers have been briefed about the mission").
Debrief, a verb referring to an act of interrogating
or questioning someone about a job that has been done or about an experience in order to obtain information or intelligence,
is first documented in the first half of the 20th century.
Special intelligence officers might "debrief" hostages upon their return,
for example, or ambassadors or other emissaries may be "debriefed" by the Secretary of State or the President.
Although most often used in military or political contexts,
debrief has civilian use.
Justine served as her hubby's caddie for his first two years on Tour, reluctantly giving up the bag only after she became pregnant. ... Before every tournament Justine still plots strategy with Patrick hole by hole, and afterward she debriefs him about errant shots.
— Alan Shipnuck, Golf, 9 Feb. 2015
'Debrief': The Opposite of 'Brief'
Debrief was especially popular during World War II.
When bomber pilots were sent on a mission,
they were given the essential information that they would need in a "briefing" session before takeoff.
When they returned from their bombing raids,
they were questioned about how the bombing went,
what they saw, and what kind of opposition they encountered.
This process was regarded by the military
as the reverse of the briefing before the mission
and so was called debriefing.
In brief, if you're being briefed, pay attention
—you're being given important information or instructions.
If you're being debriefed, also pay attention
—you're being questioned by higher-ups who want information.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
short
An investor who purchases or operates on the "short side" of the market
is sometimes referred to as a "short."
If a "short" sells stock he does not own, and a sudden rally in that stock carries the stock up so high that he has not money enough to make good his sales, then he is ruined and becomes a bankrupt.
— H. Irving Hancock, The Motor Boat Club Off Long Island, 1909
The short sells securities or commodities that they do not possess or have not contracted for at the time of the sale. To the uninitiated in trading, this probably doesn't make much sense. How can you sell something for profit that you do not own? Let us explain.
The purpose of short selling is to make a profit from an anticipated drop in the price of a security or commodity.
Typically, a short borrows a quantity of stocks from a broker.
They first sell them at the current market price, retaining the proceeds. When the price of the stocks drops, the seller buys an equal quantity at the lower price, then returns the borrowed stocks (bought on the cheap), and keeps the difference from selling high and buying low.
Here's an elementary example to clarify:
The short sells 100 borrowed shares at $10 a piece (gaining $1000) and, when the price drops, buys them back at $90 per share (spending $900); he returns the lower-valued shares and profits $100.
In baseball, short is short for shortstop
("Merriam at short threw to Webster at first for an out").
It is also used to indicate a fielding position or area that is closer to home plate
—for example, "The third baseman was playing short expecting a bunt"; "He hit a fly ball to short [=shallow] right field."
There is also a golfer's short game,
the phase of golf in which control of relatively short shots,
such as approach shots and putts, is important.
Collins COBUILD English Usage
1. 'short'
Short is an adjective.
You usually use it to say that something does not last for a long time.
Let's take a short break.
She made a short speech.
2. 'shortly'
Shortly is an adverb.
If something is going to happen shortly, it is going to happen soon.
This is a slightly old-fashioned use.
They should be returning shortly.
If something happened shortly after something else,
it happened soon after it.
She died shortly afterwards.
Very shortly after I started my job, I got promoted.
3. 'briefly'
Don't use 'shortly' to say that something lasts or is done for a short time.
Don't say, for example, 'She told them shortly what had happened'. Use briefly.
She told them briefly what had happened.
Dictionary of Problem Words in English
brief & short
Brief applies especially to duration of time (a brief stay in a hospital).
Brief also means “concise,” “curt,” and “succinct”:
“The chairman made a brief talk of only five minutes.”
Short applies to both time and space:
“That was a short meeting.”
“Joe is a short man.”
It is informal to refer to “a brief distance” or “a brief skirt.”
That is, short can be used in almost any situation,
but brief should be applied only in circumstances involving time.
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